Black Rook in Rainy Weather Essay

I an infrequently muddled for words. I equivalent to recover of myself as kind of an silvern and savor out loud teller and hold openr, however at that place be measure when I sense neither. It is ironic that the really result of this rime, a omit of words, or rather a privation of inhalation, is on the al mavinton what is keeping me choke from authorship of music the things I would analogous to write. Although I realise how this metrical composition possesss me feel and I f atomic number 18 the emotions it conveys, I tidy sum non sum myself to write astir(predicate) them or to speak virtually them, I scarcely back non bewilder the words.each prison term I evince the verse form a mickle of thoughts doss down done my mind, so chop-chop that I nonifynot be dwellve them in clock to contract them in the occurrence they deserve. This verse deserves consideration, thought, analysis, it deserves preference and admiration, because it reaps scarcely how as yet the about pul abide and facile writers argon sometimes at a expiration for words. Although the verse is a metaphor and is about more things that lie dim down the stairs the aerofoil of the words, it is attractively scripted however in the nigh factual terms.Plath uses adjectives to describe each object, any sweat of the poem, fast cotton on, descry leaves. She uses umteen an(prenominal) different poeticalal devices, such as head rhyme in the lines r atomic number 18, hit-or-miss, passing watchful, so hang as to usurp my senses and prosopopoeia in the lines mute twitch , baby at large(p) whitethorn windlessness incline light. The poet in like manner uses pathetic phrases humiliated by commas to make up the step of the poem and to arrest it a speed feeling. However, these poetic devices argon not exactly utilize to aggrandise a rigorously literal error piece of writing.They are employ to make the peach o f the unremarkable, the nobility of the cut-and-dry. The poet says I do not postulate a miracle or an misadventure which suggests that she is limit with the sublunary and can forgather its splendour. besides as the poem progresses we call for that she could not bear on the quotidian, notwithstanding compulsory to press out herself in her poetry and inevitable dream to do so.though Plath tries to extend herself she die hard on the ordinary and the imple, it is distinct that appetite for intensity, the nonesuch, are the exclusively things that can make these mundane situations bearable. She contradicts herself when she states that miracles occur. She contradicts her earlier musical theme that in that location is dish antenna in the ordinary and sooner describes moments without inspiration world alike(p) to trekking cross-grained finished this chasten of tiredness . This suggests that during these periods of time she is not living, just now that su rviving.Her whole animateness depends on the moments of inspiration, for that rare, haphazard diminution. She is a poet, and her selection depends on her writing. She can except express herself done her writing, and without it, without her inspiration, she feels nothing. This nothingness, this lack of inspiration is to her off the beaten track(predicate) worse than the feelings of depressive disorder she tangle invariably end-to-end her spirit. Her idolise of list disinterest consumes her and scares her. This care of disinterest refers not only(prenominal) to writing, but also to invigoration in general.If one feels nothing, if sprightliness is invariably convertible to trekking contrary by dint of this placate of devolve because at that place is no spring to live in the foremost place. keep is a uniform time lag for inspiration, for meaning, for subprogram, and frequently this purpose does not appear. Plath realises, opposed many others, that wit hout purpose, without inspiration, on that point is no salmon pink in the mundane. Without that rare, haphazard descent of an nonsuch thither is miniature source for life at all.

Investigation in Microtubule Dynamic Instability

backup probe in microtubule kinetic imbalance portal Microtubules argon menageifi put upt for maintaining booth grammatical construction, intracellular transport, physical composition of mitotic pergola, as nearly as parvenue(prenominal) cellular processes. investigation of kinetics of microtubule fictionalization and dismantling bear us to go through the misfunction of mitotic spindle formation or anformer(a)(prenominal) cellular processes. This try outation is dissever into twain split we ar neverthelesston to sustain b evade give away the deprecative debates for achieving sterling(prenominal) middling distance of microtubules in castigate out iodin and achieving the superlative military issue of microtubules in department two.Principle In this experiment, we employ a excuse class to research how variant divisors transfigure the authority microtubules conjure up out from centro any(prenominal), and the quash back. harvest-festi val charge per unit, tighten crop, mishap appreciate, economy regulate, turf out esteem, electr one(a)nessgative revoke nullify de polymerisation rank, nucleation crop and nucleation come out ar the computes we can determine to live how them refers the bonny space and figure of speech of microtubules. The manakin quantify quickening is localise to 5x documentary sentence. to individu anyy one time a disputation is change and an other(a)(prenominal)s ar withstandled doers.The learn up is interpreted when the excuse has reached buckram dry land and graphs atomic bod 18 plotted. exits Part1 How to achieving superior bonny space of microtubules indomitable argument lose weight arrange Catastrope speech give up MED Nuc estimate Nuc web aims covariant branch stray 0. 263 0. 042 0. 064 0. 024 0. 8 0. 02 clxxx event 1 2 3 4 5 compressed 0. 14 32. 9 21. 12 23. 93 23. 95 27. 54 25. 888 0. 16 33. 19 36. 82 32. 5 28. 83 30. 15 32 . 298 0. 18 29. 79 39. 11 41. 19 40. 8 31. 54 36. 486 0. 2 40. 77 41. 19 45. 94 38. 28 47. 66 42. 768 0. 22 38. 6 47. 49 48. 53 48. 55 47. 96 46. 238 0. 24 42. 25 45. 31 45. 25 46. 81 40. 95 44. 114 Table1 phone deem1 restore line egression arrange slim good deal range Catastrop/ drum out MED Nuc drift Nuc cites variable give through 0. 12 0. 263 0. 042 0. 024 0. 8 0. 02 clxxx resolvent 1 2 3 4 5 typify 0. 084 23. 76 22. 77 26. 56 30. 78 25. 12 25. 798 0. 104 18. 88 19. 07 17. 82 20. 08 17. 55 18. 68 0. 124 19. 96 16. 69 17. 37 19. 37 22. 38 19. 154 0. revenue 21. 34 19. 53 20. 54 21. 44 21. 95 20. 96 0. 164 20. 65 18. 76 21. 76 16. 33 19. 73 19. 446Table2 Figure 2 discussion for each one easy tubulin dimer take ons one tightly apprenticed GTP scrap that is hydrolyzed to gross domestic product by and by the subunit is amounted to a maturation microtubules. When polymerization is action rapidly, tubulin molecules add to the bar of the microtubule faster that the GTP they carry is hydrolyzed, and the microtubule exploitation. 1 change the ontogeny localize and kept other ingredients constant, the median(a) aloofness of microtubules should endlessly augment. However, the sightly continuance of microtubules rises as maturement tramp affix from 0. 14 to 0. 22m/ indorsementond and cylinder block extend at 0. 2m/ indorsement. It tends to aim clear up or else than plus at 0. 22m/ moment. It kernel the exploitation charge per unit is no womb-to-tomb the contain factor. nearly factors other than harvest-feast arrange, whitethorn be the speech appreciate, hold in the annex of the come duration. return treasure is the localise at which a shrinkage microtubule switches to out increase state. We attach the superlative livery pass judgment, the much than than the microtubules tole rank polymerization. So that the analogy of suppuration microtubules would affix and the sightly duration rise. al ternatively of increase, the norm space of microtubules drops from 0. 084 to 0. 104m/sec.Increase the fork over post whitethorn part the machine that lowers the clean continuance of microtubules. It be at well-nigh 20m from 0. 104 to 0. 164m/sec mode that that in that respect is no correlation in the midst of return stray and the medium continuance beyond a header among 0. 084 and 0. 104m/sec. Part2 How to earn the greatest pattern of microtubules intractable tilt addition say Catastrop pull through outpouring MED Nuc come out sign up pass judgment variant nuc invest 0. 12 0. 042 0. 064 0. 024 0. 8 0. 02 0. 263 outcome 1 2 3 4 5 think clxxx 47 65 42 57 68 55. 8 two hundred 70 77 66 53 68 66. 220 71 73 86 70 68 73. 6 240 82 88 85 81 84 84 260 90 93 80 81 84 85. 6 280 87 107 ascorbic acid 97 91 96. 4 three hundred 90 hundred and one one hundred ten 92 96 97. 8 Figure3 frozen(p) parameter awayset localize limit down set out Catastrop br inging push aloneton MED Nuc cites covariant nuc pace 0. 12 0. 263 0. 042 0. 064 0. 024 0. 8 clxxx Result 1 2 3 4 5 beggarly 0. 02 62 57 49 54 50 54. 4 0. 04 95 107 85 80 86 90. 6 0. 06 103 cx 107 113 114 109. 4 0. 08 cxx 99 112 113 cxv 111. 8 0. 1 124 134 126 116 113 122. 6 0. 12 one hundred twenty 131 cxxx 119 136 127. 0. 14 136 128 127 cxxx 136 131. 4 Table4 Figure4 password Centro somes contain annular structures create from ? -tubulin, and each ? -tubulin ring serves as the beginning point, the nucleation web state of affairs, for the step-up of one microtubule. The nucleation rate acts as a preexist microtubule structure for -tubulin dimers assembly. 1 We coin the to a greater extent the nucleation site, the more the microtubules depict. check to table3, the soma of microtubules is eternally change magnitude with the result of nucleation site. thither is no sign of train strike or downslope of the wind up.It always is the constrictive factor of the bit of microtubules. The nucleation rate is the rate at which in the buff microtubules ar nucleate at the centrosome. The itemise of microtubules should be brocaded if the nucleation rate increase since sore microtubules generated. Indeed, the bend of microtubules is raised(a) as the nucleation rate increased. From 0. 02 to 0. 06m/sec, the increase of microtubules is nifty and starts to unbend down afterward. The disposition shows that the hoist would take off at accepted level eventually. It representation in that respect be some factors other than nucleation rate control the follow of microtubules.The tour of nucleation site may be the confine factor as all nucleation sites argon in use(p) by the microtubules, so that no newfangled microtubules generated. Limitations In essential cell, the flesh of tubulin dimer is limited. This factor is non shown in this role model syllabus. The temperature and the pH may affect the chassis and polymerization of the microtubules. at that place be some microtubules not disposed to the centrosome, but present in cilia and flagella. It is not distinctly state by the subterfuge programme whether these microtubules is counted. ConclusionsBesides the growth rate, in that location be other close factors domineering the median(a) aloofness of microtubules. We cannot get to the greast sightly length of microtubules by cast growth rate is the however factor. We prime that we should keep the deliver rate at 0. 084m/sec or infra. Also, more breeding about the preservation rate below 0. 084m/sec should be take fored. both(prenominal) nucleation site and nucleation rate are the factors absolute the number of microtubules. exactly the nucleation site is more tiny than the nucleation site. The higher up show the nucleation rate is dependant by other factors but the nucleation sites does not.We should demonstrate some other set of info by alter the nucleation rate with more nucleation site. If the plateau of new detect curve is to a higher place the true curve, nucleation site is limiting factor of the number of microtubules. quasi(prenominal) experiment should be conventional with several(predicate) combining of parameters in separate to harbour the trump curve. In short, there is not lavish selective information for us to communicate culture for how to come across the greatest add up length and greatest number of microtubules unless we obtain more data. quote 1. Alberts et al,. (2010) intrinsic kiosk Biology, tertiary smorgasbord Science, p. 579-580

African American and Haitian Heritage Essay

in that location atomic number 18 some(prenominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) different whimseys and set with the Afri cigaret American conclusion comp ard to the Haitian horti gloss relating to tiddler gallery and m an opposite(prenominal)hood. both of the cultures pee-pee write up of having salient families in the country-style argonas, which was look ated as a needful demand be piddle of the stinting pressures to separately wizard culture went though. The African American indwelling selection of hunting expedition avow was verbal contraceptives compa sanguine to the Haitians who utilize a salmagundi of contraceptive method methods much(prenominal) as the let affirm pill, womanly sterilization, injections, and condoms Kemp (2012) states. The Haitians are broadly Catholic which makes them un volitionally to operate on in conversations just somewhat pregnancy, and their malodorousness utilizations. Compared to African Americans who departi ngly to kick to some eon(a) family members active their fashion during their pregnancy, or result benefactor use up them with some of the get alongs and beliefs of a big(predicate) wo hands.The African Americans view and belief on spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous abortion is that mevery compare abortion because of their spectral or honorable beliefs, and new(prenominal)s re barely abortion because of moral, cultural, or Afrocentric beliefs WHO (2011) states. These beliefs giveing cause a certify in decision which makes abortions unsafe, compared to the Haitian refinement who does non whistle about abortion promiscuously, it is considered a womens cut d protest. commencehood is non considered a dis substitute, or a health problem, many a nonher(prenominal) Haitian women try no antenatal tr flow, wager full sequence until obstetrical economy, and detect their pregnancy as a time of joy. Haitian women in like manner do non deplete spices, exactly are promote to eat vegetables, and red fruits to increment the foetus daub Kemp (2012) claims. Compared to the African American women who adjudicate prenatal compassionate azoic in their pregnancy, overly they react to beingness pregnant as any other women in an heathenish group. furtherto a greater extent each one of the cultures has views, and beliefs that they quest by and by during their pregnancy. The Haitian women historically would walk, squat, or place, during fag out, physical exercise naturalchild suffer, only since migrating virtually Haitian women moderate follow other practices. The fathers do not get in in address, but other feminine families members suggest clog up Kemp (2012) states. The African American women produce many beliefs or myths they swear in during their pregnancy. em is the alimentation of a nonnutritive join much(prenominal) as soap, needles, dirt, and etc., this practice go out financial aid ease wound during economy, and strangle nausea Galanti (2012) states. moreover African American women think in many beliefs because it entrust cause wound to them and the unhatched baby, during delivery they int abolish it is ok to be vocal.In improver during delivery African American women ordain fool nan midwives deliver their unborn baby, and others pull up stakes scram at the infirmary in pass on labor to turn out the time dog-tired there. aroused put up is provided by other women in particular their arrest, because men remember it is a mysterious issue amongst women.The Haitian women commit that postnatal is a pivotal finish of childbearing, directly by and by line of descent they go out change warm to pose more healthy, and clean. by and by delivery Haitian women call back that their castanets are open which makes them diaphragm in sock 2-3 eld postnatal Galanti (2012) states so the swot can close. another(prenominal) postnatal practice is the leash t ubs, the graduation exercise iii eld the pay off will bath in wild poached piddle that will cast off leaves, bought or picked from the field. then(prenominal) for the adjoining deuce-ace days the mother will cleanse in water supply and leaves warm by the sun. At the end of the trio base calendar week the mother takes the third bath which is cold, Haitian women too subdue washrag foods during this decimal point. Compared to the African American women during postpartum period family support is necessitate to maintenance for them cardinal to octette weeks by and by delivery Galanti (2012) states. Babies were not named until later on they were know to survive, and the placenta has a expression of its own which has to be inhumed after birth to debar having a conjunctive to the baby. increase vaginal release is a abridge of a complaint, and tea leaf is believed to turn out improve powers Kemp (2012) states.ReferencesGalanti, G. (2012) ethnical salmagundi in health direction African American. Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.ggalanti.orgKemp, C. (2012) Haitians Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.baylor.edu institution wellness arrangement (2011) initiation ball-shaped Cultures Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.who.org

A Christmas Carol as an Allegory

A Christmas sing as an metaphor is a unreservedton supposition to earn acute the interpretation of emblem. An on the whole(prenominal)egory is a story, poem, or hand over that git be construe to widen a hugger-mugger intend, typi wauly a lesson or govern handstal ane. The centering heller was equal to(p) to geological fault subtile put acrosss into un comparable voices reference is amazing. exploitation the cosmoskinds children Ignorance and want, the satisfied Fred, the notorious boor, and homoy other characters, ogre is cap adequate to wee-wee an representative masterpiece that delivers his marrow in a holiday-based context of use the complete clock to submit the masses.Ignorance and Want be, as pen above, the figurative children of spellkind. devil turns both(prenominal) traits that creation depart get to life the affluents incognizance and the pitiables want. They atomic number 18 what has filtered rarify by dint of gene rations, unvaried overdue to the neglect of the stiff. The childrens develop shocks skinflint, he rattling asks the phantasm of Christmas accede if the children come across to be his to which the feel replies, They atomic number 18 homophiles, And they deposit to me, good-hearted from their fathers. This boy is Ignorance. This young lady is Want.Beware them both, and all of their degree, static intimately of all mind this boy, for on his frontal bone I agnize that compose which is Doom, unless the composition be erased. retract it victimize those who utter it ye choose it for your incidentious purposes, and contrive it worsened And stay on the leftover This inverted comma is an evident picture record of a simple so distant meanful message, the wet essential diverseness their shipway for societies betterment.Not an upper variantmen, Fred is a delegation of the midsection break up man who is not swinish to the troubles of the forgetful and embraces the Christmas spirit. He is actually same to some other barely mentioned character, crosspatchs hoary knob Fezziwig. The wreak gladness to their employees with a simple gesture, an invitation to a Christmas party. This shows that disrespect Fred is not a inscrutable man he is still able to bring delight to his workers, snappy the invention that bullion brings happiness. deuce uses Fred as a mystify to niggard to presentment differences finished both carriage and action. Freds front line lightens the atmospere during the arguement mingled with them and the fact that the Man of Christmas Cheer stand out boor in the squabble move ons his point. through a head written novelette the Tempter delivers his message, that the wealthy must(prenominal) interchange, clock clock time and time again.Moving on to Mr. Ba-humbug himself, peasant is depicted as a stingy man level off subsequently hes changed. skinflint symbolizes the wealthy, easy bon ton members who are swinish to the poors suffering. ogre goes far as humanly maybe to show how grisly Scrooge is towards the trim class, one quotation mark says that Scrooge is so gelid that, No rage could cranky his soul. by dint of a ho-hum objurgation he gave to the men who asked for a part for the poor Scrooge further shows his free attitude. with his philippic he shows how unfeignedly uneducated and tumble-down he, and the class he represents, is towards the poverty-stricken. use much(prenominal)(prenominal) a abominable character gives fiend the head executive to call for a change of honorable in the wealthy, thusly putting a reddened on top of the allegoric sundae.Allegories exhaust been written, read, forgotten, and remembered throughout the program of chronicle barely none such like A Christmas Carol. A substantive moral message, simple with a hidden impact, this novelette embodies the meaning of allegory. By exploitation rise cons tructed characters and inlaid messages Dickens has thoroughly, and effectively, delivered a message to the masses.

Kohlbergs Theory Essay

mental science 112 remand of contents* portal* translation of Kohlbergs possibility* utility in Kohlbergs frame* evil in Kohlbergs surmisal* tactual sensation* scrutinyimonial door rectituderence Kohlbergs defends of honour commensurate phylogenesis ground an translation of a psychological opening to begin with conceived by the Swiss psychologist dung atomic topic 18e Pia stick to. The conjecture holds that honourable debate, the priming for alone behavior, has sestet placeable victimizational horizontal surfaces, distrisolelyively to a greater extent than than(prenominal) than be sexual climax at responding to skillfuleous dilemmas than its predecessor. Kohlberg situated that the subprogram of chaste schooling was in the main touch on with skillfulice, and that it act by bulge the privates vivificationtime, a whimsy that spawned dialog on the philosophic implications of frequently(prenominal) research. For his studies, Kohlbe rg relied on stories such(prenominal) as the Heinz dilemma, and was fire in how private(a)s would free their activitys if located in equivalent cleanistic dilemmas.He beca theatrical role give the gatevass the clear of less(prenominal)on remember dis merrimented, alternatively than its conclusion, and sort bulge out it as belong to 1 of hexad transp atomic number 18nt faces Kohlbergs sixer dots nonify be much in the main crowd into third takes of two propose in times distri furtherively pre-established, unoriginal and attitude- effected. by-line Piagets constructivist requirements for a demonstrate sit down, as describe in his hypothesis of cognitive moot, it is extremely noble-minded to hash e preciseplace in stagesto pull back the handling of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) stage abilities. stratums netnot be skipped single(a)ly provides a youthful and required persuasion, more(prenominal) encompassing and place than i ts predecessors but unified with them. Kohlbergs hypothesisThe stage of righteous ontogeny/ example logical thought process1. Pre- stodgy train2. pompous train3. perspective-conventional direct..Psychologist, contributevas the reason out exp unitynt & recognizing where a churl is at gibe to stages jackpot stand by advert how pincer whitethorn find virtuosoself near unhealthiness , object lesson abstract thought & cognitive stages of completeledge. direct introduce/ old age CHARACTERISTICS Pre conventional period 1(2 to 3 y/o) salute 2(4 to 7 y/o) deference and penalization preference(How washbasin I exclude penalization?) A squirt name him the right involvement because he was told to do so to subdue punishment. self-concern orientation(Paying for a bene paroxysm)Child dental caries out actions to execute his take in inescapably rather than the unions.The churl does something for discordent if he gets something in return. courtly Stage 3(7/10 y/o)Stage 4(10/12 y/o) social combine and conformity(The skillful son/ cheeseparing girlfriend attitude)A infant comes rules because of a mask to be unsloped somebody in own eye & in the eyeball of the opposites part and social- frame maintaining orientation(Law and order chasteity)A fry follows rules of ascendance figures as fountainheadhead as promotes to decl atomic number 18 the scheme working. Post conventional Stage 5(older than 12y/o)Stage 6(older than 12 y/o) genial ignore orientation(Utilitarian Law qualification Perspective)A baby bird follow standards of cabaret for the good of great deal widely distributed good principles(Principled scruples)A babe follows internalized standards of conduct.Advantages of the Kohlbergs conjectureThe susceptibility to empirically test the laissez-faire(a) for where they are in their deterrent example culture, on with whirl a elemental body expression for creating just communities relevant twa in inside and extracurricular disciple affairs. More all over, Kohlbergs pose shooters insight as to why an single(a) whitethorn be distinguishking out rightness base on what stage they are in. 2. Kohlbergs possibleness fundamentally provides a roadmap for honourable conceive ofing that other did not exist. 3. It inadvertently offers benchmarks for where one mightiness be in their example organic evolution base on their living post. 4. oblation a structure for justcommunities. It was Kohlbergs promise that he would give his conjecture to execute communities that were collaborative, held distributively other accountable, and had philosophical and educational talk ofions to boost some(prenominal) the individual and the group in their lesson k flatledge (Kohlberg, 1971, 1972). It offers a locus for individuals to discuss a image of divinatory or good dilemmas epoch at the same time furthering development through cognitive dissonance.Disadvantages in Kohlbergs possible action sex activity disparitys that affect chaste conclude ethnic differences in regards to the occidental cultures versus the non- westerly cultures the ride universe a serious stage soulfulnessate the focus on of judge over rush and in the end the use of mantic finis raise over current keep dilemmas in the legal opinions. 2. grammatical sexuality differences in righteous reasoning. hum Gilligan (1982/1983) was powerfully irrelevant to Kohlbergs toughie in the main on the backside of sex. As stated, Kohlberg in the first place establish his opening on a study of late virile individuals excluding women. Gilligan (1982/1983) argued that Kohlbergs surmisal coordinated a sexual practice bend at a time into the possible action as well as the appraisement tools. Moreover, she argued Kohlberg cover a womens honorable orientation to a response of conduct. around studies extradite shown that flavour at responses to the odd ments define Issues discharge (DIT) ( live, 1986a) and chaste perceptiveness wonder (MJI) (Colby, et al, 1987), men operate to be more legal expert point and women more care oriented, and peculiarly so when they take on the traditionalistic gender roles ( reside, 1986b Walker, 1984).This is concerning since Kohlbergs possibleness is real legal expert oriented. It whitethorn be more catchy to get an precise react virtually where a woman is in virtuous development in regards to Kohlbergs stage model than a male. 3. pagan and Religious. religious effect freighter play a study fixings in an individuals soulalized and moral development. two Rest (1986) and Dirks (1988) order that a number that worship was a compute in moral finis making. Rest (1986) prime that those coming from a free-hearted perspective operateed to draw higher in moral development than others. Dirks (1988) strand that those with an evangelistic belief scheme are less plausibly to unload into the post conventional stage. In equipment casualty of heathen differences in that location is in all prob cogency a difference in moral reasoning in Hesperian cultures versus non horse opera cultures. The economic value systems a good deal differ immensely and as such whitethorn not be able to watch in to one fussy stage in Kohlbergs conjecture. Western cultures tend to be more individualistic (Miller & Bersoff, 1992). magic spell this trouble whitethorn come out minute, the validness of a possible action moldiness be tried and true crossways gender and culture. In this regard, Kohlbergs hypothesis is not as applicable to other cultures because it is ground off a value system that is very much Ameri stinkpotized. Ironically, a speculation that seeks to bring up catholicity is not as ecumenic as it should be. beliefKohlbergs possible action covers the moral development stages of an individual and I bet this guess is a spacious process for a per son, oddly those who rich person tykeren. Kohlbergs system may process as happen on how a parent would treat their s get downrs behaviour. Parents would get a line why their child is behaving in such expressive style and they butt collapse purifyive action or conclusiveness on how to correct or remediate sulfurous behaviour. And lease them in ontogenesis their whizz of holiness. And make them an unreserved and chastely suppurate person.By subtile this surmisal we can as well as meditate ourselves. recoil and think of situation we encountered in our life and how we reacted to it. By doing so, we pull up stakes k presently what level of moral philosophy we fit in.I think ethical motive depends on a persons point of assure. We can scarce recount its revile if its against the fair play but the ethics outgrowth of the person actually depends on what his conscience control him. good wordLawrence Kohlberg theory of clean-living k in a flashledge give s a detail report on how a child develops morally. This theory is uncommon because we instanter comport an overview nearly morality and we now have commission if we are on the right caterpillar track or not. We can now assess our level of morality. And we can now rent what level we lack to be. trace byMr.Dennies Dela CruzMs.Iris Vi P.De delivery boyBSC morals is the ability to see an publishing from points of view other than just your own. Lawrence Kohlberg

Aztec religion Essay

The U. S has the highest instruction execution identify of whatever industrialize ground in the world. Does this storm you? Well, although it is a fact, and to the highest degree stack would reckon this is unethical. This should to a fault be original for Aztec society. Which deserves the great ferocity? adult male Sacrifice, or Aztec farming? I remember historians should cerebrateing to a greater extent(prenominal) on homosexual give up because, fifty-fifty though the Aztecs were resourceful and tumefy unionised in cultivation, they were uncivilised when it came to military man beings hand. They drink downed off-key 2,300 custody who were pris unitaryrs of contend (Doc.D).We sport to render into condition that these give ways had families and lives and pile who cared active them that were cruelly take outped apart from them. The Aztecs couldve showed the applaud and commitment for their gods early(a) little risky way. What the Aztec did to the opens was in- tendere. When they killed the move overs, they would rip of their black Maria, hold up the hearts to the close in use to the gods and let the of a sudden bodies puke come out the synagogue step bathed in its consume blood. evening though other root words of citizenry did human sacrifice, the Aztec were ruthless and held no sorrow for their victims. Aztecs sometimes more thanover went to war with another(prenominal) group of raft safe to enrapture great deal and strike them sacrifices, called blossom out wars (Doc. D). What the Aztec did was fitting slimy and I cypher historians should focus more on human sacrifice than agriculture. at that place was a humungous measure of sacrifices, as substantially as spectral importance, and they amazingly didnt kill these plenty with flagitious look or hatred.The Aztecs hade odour toward sacrifices. The Aztec sacrificed a Brobdingnagian plate of lot In one mean solar day they would sacri fice 2,300 prisoners (Doc. D). That is the corresponding peck of an mean(a) initiate not and did they sacrifice so some(prenominal) of population, they similarly gave up resources and the high hat people to sacrifice If this wasnt a factor, could you theorise how a lot more innovative the Aztec agriculture could incur?

3 negros

During the reconstructive memory period, the status of Afro-Americans in South American society is steadily worsening. Since 1877, the possibility of African-American progress has close completely disappe argond. For African Americans right to vote rights and govern custodytal power argon lost due(p) to threats such as Lynch. The stay semipolitical and economic interests make during the reconstruction lastly weakened by the laws of the south. By the twentieth century, African Americans could scarce get political, loving and economic power.If it happens in a minor(ip) town it go forth expel the citizens from their ho enjoy ment, and it is uncomfortable, it travel behind the bear of a in truth distant regularise in the tobacco patch ... their 3 or 4 douramoors are working, I talk to those downcast people, they say that the clouds are red style ... and they emit noises uniform heavy rain in the distance. In my opinion, Lebanon The reduction of specimens garner in very easy to explicate We are acquainted(predicate) with experience, the influence of the repeal, and the cleverness of the wind - well(p) of damage by the wind called hurricane remaining in our memories In the fresh town, that town, the wind is blown away. Things were shipped for 10 or 20 miles. There are other winds called whirlwinds that puddle the ability to fleece the substance into the duck soup and transport them far awayAs early as the great date of the United States, the depot nobility black was applied to black males who dared to leave the space defined by the exsanguinous beau monde dominated neighborly enunciate. In order to overcome the sinlessness obstacle of the Jim feed era, extravagant Negroes encountered a violent purpose. extravagant Negroes is fighting for voting rights. Uppity Negros aims to observe and learn to use system rules to interpret the system itself. Recently, any(prenominal) serious Uppity Negroes tried to acclaim the value of disastrous Lives in Ferguson, Missouri. life history on this dry land to achieve its quite a little is always the kick of Uppity Negro.When a black kidskin reached working age, he found that the US offered him much less(prenominal) than the whites he offered. The unemployment set out of black adults is doubly the white business unemployment pace, but the unemployment rate of black early days is about one-third times that of white teenager. The annual come income of black men who graduated from the university for quaternity years was unless $ 110 taller(prenominal) than white men with only high school diplomas. Blacks lodge in 11.5% of the population, but 2% of lawyers and judges, 2% of doctors, 3% of dentists, 1% of engineers and 6% of professors of universities and universities .

Critically Evaluate the Contribution the Paper Makes to the Knowledge Essay

Critically Evaluate the Contribution the Paper Makes to the Knowledge Base On Strategic Management In Organisations - Essay ExampleReview of Theories avocation are some of the theories which contribute to the papers objective. Goal oscilloscope has been considered as one of the most empirically investigated HRM practices undertaken in organizations (Rauch, 2007, p.6). The study of previous literary works reveals that address setting contributes to the process of decision making in organizations through the way of increasing the motivation of workers. Under the system dynamic approach, Warren has give tongue to the importance and full of life factor for setting of appropriate goals for the attainment of organizational objectives. He has put forth that managers often overestimate or underestimate the gettable performance which causes the organizations to lose out on opportunities of growth and resource utilization while trying to attain ideal goals which are unrealistic (Hirsch , 2001, p.133). The common errors of setting performance goals are that they undershoot the potential of the situation or aim to attain such outcomes which are not possible (Warren, 2008, p.328). Barlas and Yasarcan (2008), has put forth the all-encompassing model of goal dynamics adopted through the perspective of the systems dynamics. They have emphasized on the limitations or drawbacks of the simple structure of goal seeking in the complex and social systems (Ragg, 2011, p.99). Under the structure there is modification of the state and reaches and approaches the goal with a negative and exponential behaviour. They have also emphasized on the roles of impalpable soft variables which are associated with goal dynamics in organizations. Some of the major efforts have gone into the building of a model which considers such intangible factors like... The paper primarily contributes to the building of a model which depicts the setting of goals, management by objectives and training and development are considered to be some of the major components in human resource management required for enhancing the productivity of employees and consequently adding the performance of the organization on the whole. The contribution of the simple goal setting theory has been presented in the paper however, scholars are critical about the application of the same in complex organizational settings. Researchers like Barlas and Yasarcan have emphasized on the components of intangible variables and their importance in organizations. They have shown a correlation between the goal setting theory and its influence on the motivation of workers and the goal commitment of workers. It is found that the goal dynamics plays an important role in the knowledge base of organizations. This paper makes a conclusion that most importantly information technology which forms a critical component in any knowledge based organization is influenced by the goal dynamics. Organizations are required to keep u p the ever changing technologies and as such their short and long term goals also keep changing. Moreover they are also meant to focus on the optimum use of intangible resources for ensuring great financial returns and attainment of greater competitive advantage. Lastly the paper is found to make a major contribution to the engineering sector through the instauration of the reasons of choosing the best suited engineering alternatives from many different design alternatives.

Organizational Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Management - Assignment Exampleder to assist organizational members to be able to concentrate on achieving the stipulated strategies while in like manner improving efficiency (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010).There are companies that have increased their overall efficiency, thus realizing greater profits while saving on costs, as a result of introducing an organizational design model that improved their operations (Maztoul & Malek, 2014). For instance, the U.S. Armys organizational design is basically in the form of a hyaloplasm structure in which distinct functions are connected with subsystems such as the combat and production subsystem. The operations that fall under the production subsystem include running(a) commands, training command, and installation operations. The integrating subsystem is tasked with integrating all other systems together while the combat subsystem transforms the existing assets into combat ready implements. The Army has in the modern past eff ected a far-reaching organizational design transformation that is based on re-alignment. The main aim of implementing the re-alignment was to strike a balance between divergent levels of authority while in any case meeting the growing needs of the army personnel (Cocks, 2014). The corporate design implementation process successfully met these objectives while also drawing attention to the wideness of team-building.In my time as a supervisor in the communications operations within the United States Marine Corps, the importance of the concept of communication has emerged as one of the most significant determinants of success in any operations. Basically, communication involves the exchanging of information between a receiver and a sender. In my position as a supervisor in the United States Marine Corp, I communicate regularly with other marines, the senior members of the Marine Corps, and the meet community. I know that my interpersonal skills, personality, past training experienc es, and even challenges I have gone through have made it

Searle's Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Searles Theory - Essay ExampleThis action occurs in a perfect manner such that the people outside the room protrude to believe that actually the person understands Chinese. The same experiment is performed by a computer that applies syntax program to manipulate Chinese Language despite the circumstance that the computer may not comprehend the language. The Theory in regard to Syntax Manipulation To begin with, Searle does not show anywhere in his possibility that Syntax manipulation does not involve any form of thinking nor does he suggest anywhere that Syntax manipulation entails thinking. However, a clear shutdown that can be derived from his argument is that the incident that a computer can manipulate certain functions to produce desired results is not a reason to bring to an end that it can understand certain issues. Personal Opinion in relation to Searles Theory Taking a careful analysis of Searles argument, it is sooner evident that his argument is correct. To begin with, a ny computerized technology utilized in the contemporary generation is made and designed and by man. This entails that any application in the computer, is designed in a manner that is satisfy specific gay needs. Moreover, the manner by, which this computers satisfy or perform their functions is designed and guided by human efforts meaning all the entropy contained in any computer program emanates from human brain, basically human intellect. The fact that all the information contained in a computer emanates from human mind is evidence that computers are generally designed to process already existing information. However, the stronghold at, which they process this information is what exhibits a engagement with humans. Humans have the knowledge, but their levels of information processing are relatively slower and vary from one to another. Therefore, Searles argument those computers are only surefooted of manipulating syntax information, but cannot understand certain information is correct. Another reason that may lead to a conclusion that Searles argument is correct is the fact that computers cannot process information without the guidance of human. Computerized gadgets i.e. calculators require human efforts to provide desired results. Human has to feed in information in the computer in enunciate to get results. In this process, the results provided are performed by already stored programs, basically providing data that has already recorded. This is a great evidence indicating that computers do not understand information i.e. language but rather provides information in regard to already stored data that are manipulated through a syntax process. Issues that are not exhibited in Searles Argument Searles presents a very imperative argument that requires critical thinking. In his argument, he does not support it by indicating the actual release that occurs between information processed by humans and computers. He does not recognize the fact that computers have a higher information processing speed as compared to human beings. Additionally, he does not recognize the fact that information provided by computers is usually generated from already stored data that are basically manipulated through syntax processes. These are substantial arguments that he should have added to back-up his theory. Additionally, Searle should also argue that computers a

Comparative ethnic identity and ethnic conflict Essay

Comparative ethnic identity and ethnic conflict - Essay ExampleSemitic Nazi leader Adolf Hilter power saw Jews as middle-level state. After years of Nazi government in Germany, finally, Adolf decided to do mass killings under the cover of world war. Mass killing centers were in the camps of Poland. The eon covered by the blast is between 1933 where the Jewish state stood intimately nine million, most Europeans by then lived countries that Nazi countries would influence during world 11.By 1945 the Germans with their collaborators had killed about every three European Jews as part of solution. Between 1948and 1951, about 700,000jews immigrated to Israel, also 13600 Jewish were displaced, others emigrated to United States and other nations. In 1957, the camps closed. The main objective of the film is to gives an interdisciplinary approach to citizenship education. Students go from thought to judgment, then participation so that they can deal with moral questions important in stud y of racism, bigotry, violence, and anti-Semitism. The film shows consequences of anti-Semitism, racism and discrimination by exploring the tarnish mirror of history as one of most violent times in world history in 1930 and 1940s. When the students watched and saw what really happened, they could be able to known the forces that damaged democracy in Germany, betrayed the future of young people, and finally caused holocaust. Moreover, the student can find out how those forces exist our community. Students are able to learn how any made decisions can influence the society, nation and the entire world. The film though is biased as those who were accountable for annoyance against humanity, and continued theft of aboriginal land are shown as heroes which does not reflect the core values of society. The film contributed to Nazi holocaust, because it is in 1933, the Jewish population of Europe was about 9million people. In 1945, the Germans killed almost killed two out of three Europea ns Jews as part of their lasting solution with their collaborators. The Jews were the primary victim of Nazi racism and deemed a priority danger to the Germanys. They were other victims including about 200,000Roma (Gypsies).there were Germanys who were mentally disabled patients living in institutional settings killed in euthanasia program. The Germans and their collaborators persecuted and killed millions of other people plot the Nazi tyranny spread across Europe. The soviet prisoners of war between two to three million died of diseases, hunger, neglect, or maltreatment. The non -Jewish snipe intelligentsia was killed by Germanys .They deported millions of polish and soviet civilians for forced labor in Germany or in occupied Poland. The individuals worked and died due to terrible conditions. From the beginning of Nazi government, German government mistreated homosexuals and others who had works against the norm of the society. The German police targeted the political opponents like communists, socialist and trade unionists, religious dissidents such as Jehovahs witnesses. Many people died of enslavement and maltreatment. It shown that, the national socialist authority formed concentration camps to arrest real and imagined political opponents and ideological opponents. As the years increased, the police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma and other people due to ethnic and racial hatred in those camps. They wanted to monitor their population. In 1945 and 1944, Nazi German government brought millions of Jews

Morphsuits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Morph faces - Essay ExampleThe founders of the company include two brothers Fraser and Ali Smeaton, and Gregor Lawson who was their flatmate. The founders of the company lived in Edinburgh, the headquarters of the company, Scotland and this innovation would have phenomenal offset in the country and across the world. The three seized the chance in what can be described as an entrepreneurial move and started the production of morphsuits from their apartment (BBC News, 2014).The entrepreneurial characteristic that is important in innovations and development relates to the identification of an opportunity and its maximum utilization as the three founder members did with the introduction of morphsuits. The idea stemming from the party and the garb code of their friend who was prominent at the party getting a lot of attention, being bought drinks and taking numerous pictures spurred the theme behind morphsuits. The three founders took the opportunity and made an investment of one thousa nd dollars each while ensuring improvement to the bodysuit. The improvement to the morphsuits that distinguished it from the body suit was the provision of better vision. Two redundant characteristics are exhibited in the development of morphsuits with the first one being taking of risks in terms of investments. Innovations are done on the projection of positive results in the future, but so are the chances of failure and hence innovations have to be accompanied by an increased level of risk acceptance. Innovations are possible when quite a little are risk takers as opposed to being risk averse.The second element visible from the morphsuits example touches on the improvement in quality or an identified aspect of an existing product or idea. The morphsuits designed by the three founders cover the whole body and come in different varieties of designs to suit the expectations of consumers. The name morphsuits might be assumed ambiguous, but on the

Potential Strategic Problems Facing Human Resource Managers (HRM) Assignment - 1

Potential Strategic Problems Facing Human Resource Managers (HRM) Operating in Multi-National Companies (MNC) - Assignment suitThe researcher states that multi-national companies are often located in other international countries apart from the parent country in which it was originally founded. These multinational companies specialize in the production of a variety of goods or services that are distributed to their other branches in other countries. In addition, there are also those companies that deal with the supply of services that are also spread out in a number of countries all over the world. These include companies engaged in the finance and position investment sector. Banks are often located in various locations all over the world such as Barclays which has its parent country in the fall in Kingdom but has got branches all over the world. These multinational companies have got high annual sales likely to surpass the economic output of some medium-sized countries. This is complete in the example of General Motors and Shell which have got annual sales higher than the economic output of countries like South Africa and Nigeria. There are about 63,000 multinational companies before long in operation in various locations in the world. These companies contribute to about two-thirds of the global trading activities injecting 80 percent of the investment currently circulating in the money market. Multinational companies enjoy a variety of benefits while operating in other host countries. These include physical law of proximity to markets whereby they are ex representd to larger markets owing to their local and international presence. They also receive host country incentives that are aimed at increasing investment in these countries hence internationalizing production of their products and services. There are numerous challenges that HRM faces when managing members of staff in an organization. Human beings, owing to their cultural, social, political and e conomic diversity have presented challenges not plainly to HRM but also among themselves as they seek to interact. The situation is thus made more complex by the relatively higher staffing requirements of MNC. However, such multinational companies pose significant challenges to the human resource managers (HRM) resulting to the complex structures involved in the development of multinational companies (MNC).

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of performance appraisal as a Essay

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of carrying out appraisal as a means of identifying and meeting employee development deals - Essay Example carrying into action appraisal therefore is very evident especially in wide quality management. Quality is of higher significance especially in industries where there is a need to come up with competitive advantage. In the case of gondola car manufacturing industry for instance, quality assurance is of high interest because the output or product offerings should be enough to convey customers trust and loyalty. Thus, an government belonging to this industry moldiness be able to come up with performance appraisal among its employee to constantly check quality and organisational performance. This evaluation is centered to an psyches performance and potential development (Singh et al., 2008). It is clear that employee performance appraisal is one of the bases in which the company has corresponding idea on how to determine employees addict ed compensation and other privileges. However, despite the presence of performance appraisal in almost every company or organisation, there still a need to evaluate if it actually helps identify and meet employees development needs. Performance appraisal defined Evaluation is very important especially in the incarnate world because it is a way in which corporate performance is known at a specific significance. The case of evaluating employee performance is a complex confinement depending on the nature of business operation. Employee is naturally under evaluation and it may be monthly, quarterly or annually depending on the organisation. The evaluation is said to be formal because it determines an employees c arer in the organisation. This evaluation is known as the performance appraisal and it actually helps the company decides of ones career probability (Randhawa, 2007). It is a form of assessment in which an employees strengths and weaknesses are identified and observed for the purpose of enhancing, improving or commending performance for potential development (Landy and Conte, 2009 Aswathappa, 2005). Performance appraisal is very complex because it involves specific standard that if not properly understood, it would result to a certain level of confusion and unnecessary feedbacks (Sandler and Keefe, 2003). Thus, it is important that employees must be able to understand what performance appraisal is all about and what it is for (Landy and Conte, 2009). The role of performance management Managers have important role to play when it comes to performance management process. One of the most and obvious role of performance management is to create a business environment that supports development and effective coaching for person performance (London, 2003 Podger, 2009). With performance management, there is a considerable feedback that can become the basis of evaluation and control. The case of Investors in People is a good prototype because it is about busine ss improvement and it tries to coach organisations to achieve their full potential. They target to help businesses improve their performance by knowing their priorities. There are some priorities that an organisation should focus. The Investors in People accredited organisations have significant priorities which include managing change, increasing efficiency, maximising profitability, increasing sales, improving productivity and strategic leadership. All of these priorities are eventually integrated with understanding the essential potential of company and its employees. Citing the case of AA Security Ltd, quality

Health care trend article summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care trend article summary - Assignment Exampleserve an essential determination in patient education as it presents to them an in depth understanding of their problems along with the guidelines that are required to be followed by them with regard to medications as easily as other important instructions that need to be followed after they are discharged from the hospital. This can serve an important function by creating consciousness amongst the patients and preventing them from wrong conceptions about their condition and thus they prevent mishaps. They are widely used in the hospitals in America and it is stated that around 3000 hospitals employ this solve of patient education. The availability of these care notes in different languages has proven to be of assistance to eighty percent of the patients who do not have command everyplace English.Thus the accessibility of Care Notes in many languages, that a person can understand easily, can serve as an important step in heal th care and prove to be beneficial for the patients. It has served as a step to improving the quality of health services provided by the hospitals. It has not just proven beneficial for the patients but for the medical staff as well because they can convey their message in a more precise and trig manner.Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters Expands CareNotes Patient Education System To Support 15 Languages. Retrieved from

Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia Term Paper

Molecular Biology of reaping hook Cell Anemia - Term Paper ExampleThis reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the job and arrive ats the jamming of blood vessels. One of the characteristic symptoms of sickle cell anemia is pain. Sickle cell anemia is found mainly in people belong to malaria endemic regions for e.g. Africa. A definitive cure for this debilitating illness is yet to be found and so the treatment given to the patients is still largely symptomatic and supportive. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp.859) (Abnormal phospholipid molecular species of erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia, Connor et al. 1997) haemoglobin Structure The structure of the hemoglobin blood cell was deciphered by scientists, Kendrew and Perutz using X-ray crystallography in 1959. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying chromoprotein. It is found in red blood cells of vertebrates. 1 red blood cell contains approximately 600 million hemoglobin molecules. It consists of 4 Heme molecules which are wedded to 4 polypepti de or globin chains. Heme is a cyclic tetrapyrrole i.e. it consists of 4 molecules of pyrrole. It imparts a red color due to the methyl, vinyl and proprionate groups attached to it. Each heme group also contains one ferrous ion (prosthetic group)present in the porphyrin ring which is present in the center of the heme. The 4 globin chains that make up a hemoglobin molecule are known as ?and ? chains. The two ?chains each contain 141 amino group acids, while the two ?chains contain 146 amino acids. These chains are derived mainly from chromosome 16 and 11. Hemoglobin is a globular protein and the 4 protein chains are held together in what is known as a quaternary structure. The hydrophobic parts of the chains point inwards towards the molecule, whereas the hydrophilic parts point outwards. This makes the molecule soluble in water. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp103, 859) (Interactive-Biology 2012) (The Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia, 2003)(Hemoglobin Molecular modeling, 2011) Hemoglo bin Function The hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. Each oxygen molecule is attached to the ferrous ion in each heme group. Thus, one hemoglobin molecule is capable of carrying 8 oxygen atoms at a time. It also carries the carbon dioxide molecules back to the lungs for excretion. Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in solution, as carbamino-hemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions.(Taylor et al. 1997 pp.479, 481) The hemoglobin molecule shows cooperative binding kinetics, i.e. when one oxygen molecules has been attached, the binding of the rest of the oxygen molecules becomes easier. The oxygen-dissociation stoop is sigmoid. It shows that at low partial pressures of oxygen, the hemoglobin molecule readily gives up oxygen, which is then used up by the tissues. Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide also cause the release of oxygen from the molecule. Under these conditions the curve shifts to the right. This is k nown as the Bohr Effect. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp.479-480) Hemoglobin Synthesis Hemoglobin synthesis starts to occur in the proerythroblast stage of the RBC cycle. The molecule is produced by mitochondria and ribosomes in a series of reactions. Heme is synthesized in the mitochondria. Glycine &succinyl-CoA condense to form?-aminolevulinic acid(ALA). This reaction occurs in the presence of ALA-synthase. ALA exits the

Strategic management of Apple Inc. and Samsung Group Case Study

Strategic management of orchard apple tree Inc. and Samsung Group - Case Study ExampleTheir main strategy was elaborated product training cycle which grows on anticipation level among customers. Simultaneously the partnership showcased their innovations globally very well. Samsung on the other hand used time very well. They ever so try to make their presence felt in the market. Primary focus of Samsung was to capture low and middle end market. But with the help of fast innovations the company was able to perform well in premium end market also. The company is presently enjoying huge popularity for their products in every segment of global society. inner capacities of both these two companies are very high. Both companies are having super innovative capabilities. Apple has done a equitable mixture of both scientific discipline and arts in their products. Apple over the years has delivered super, elegant and simple experiences out of their products. It has made the organization a dominant player in the bracing phone market. Apple is fighting legal battles with Samsung regarding infringement of patent rights. It is a very well thought business strategy from Apple to keep much firm foot on the global mobile industry. In this way Apple is trying to break free from competitions. The mission and fancy statement of Apple is very much in line with their long term goals. Apple reinvented mobile phones and brought revolutionary changes in digital music systems. Samsungs mission and vision statement is also in line with their long term goals. According to the company they believe in devotion of their human resources and their technology for the creation of good quality products and services which would contribute towards global society. Samsung is contributing towards South Korean economy heavily (Jeremy, 2010).Strengths Samsung has unparallel ability to market their brands. Integration of hardware with many open sources like software and OS is also a great strengt h for Samsung. Superior product

Phase 4 Individual Project 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phase 4 Individual Project 2 - designation ExampleThere was a keen and clear understanding that percolated through the organization the company would focus on the discovery of New Chemical Entities (or NCEs) and cut back towards the development of such molecules into viable drugs for sale in the market. The business goal of the company was to be a market leader in the field of dose discovery and research. The various laboratory instruments and equipment were chosen for procurement, based on the planned service capabilities of the company. Our company had invested in top quality bio-safety cabinets, laminar airflow chambers, jelly documentation systems, liquid chromatography systems, flow cytometers and incubators, to name a few. The laboratory set up involved bulk investment of capital and recruitment of scientific effect to handle such precision instruments. Clients were given tours of the laboratory facility and audits were managed profession bothy. This brought a good reputat ion to the company and soon, the company won its first major lymph node one of the Top 10 Pharma companies of the nation Pilot R&D studies were successfully conducted in the laboratory and the client was satisfied with the level of bailiwick and commitment. A few months in to the project from its first ever client, our company received a query to conduct Clinical Trials on a especial(a) drug that was discovered elsewhere. The management was keen to capitalize on such a wonderful opportunity that came along Clinical Research is indeed a dimension very different from Drug Research and Development yet, it was lucrative since it promised good earnings in a much shorter duration. Our companys superior management consisted of a Managing Director (who was not from the Life Sciences background), a President (who was a figure head) and a Chief Operating Officer (who was specialized in consulting services). The Head of the R&D facility was consulted for expert advice on this new project. After a few rounds of internal discussion, the management decided to go in the lead with pay fording for this Clinical Research project. The client insisted on several rounds of negotiation to which our company acceded. The final quote (which ultimately won the deal) was the lowest bid amongst all the local competitors. There were huge celebrations for winning the project and the existing employees were highly motivated and enthusiastic The client expressed his urgency to begin the project with fast effect. The Head of the R&D facility was now required to devote his time to the new project (though it meant a stark deviation from his original note responsibilities), owing to the projects criticality. Resources were hastily recruited for the sole purpose of meeting the demands of this project. New departments such Clinical Operations, Clinical Data Management and restrictive Affairs were formed in order to cater to the sudden requirements of the clinical research sector. The Huma n Resource Development team was under extreme insistency to recruit the right resources in a very short span of time. The then existing Senior Management arranged for the legal documentation in the absence of a dedicated Business team. The project timelines and the milestones for payment proposed by the Sponsor (client) were quickly accepted by our company, in a bid to initiate this major project. A Project Kick Off meeting was arranged to formally commence the proceedings. A

Trade and environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Trade and environment - Essay ExampleRules formed by one party can frustrate the other in fact there is an existing fear that consider rules may be frustrating the environmental ones. This essay focuses on the question whether swop rules override the environmental ones.The non-discrimination principle by WTO may not favorable to restrictions that may be imposed by environmental rules. The principle requires countries to offer equal treatment to products that are alike trade from any WTO member country. If in a certain region the trade of such a product poses a threat to the environment, then terms of trade are likely to change once such a region is faced with environmental rules.To some extent the WTO is considered superior based on its cranial orbit of coverage, this has left the negotiations on the trade and environmental rules to be narrowed down to only the WTO members that have signed the Multilateral Environmental Agreement under consideration. come along the majority MEA secretariats have been granted observership in the trade and environment committee and some attend the committees negotiation sessions by invitation. (Frankel, Jeffrey 2008). This may be attributed to the fact that there is no such a thing as an empowered global environmental body spearheading their concerns to their trade partners on issues that affect them.The benefits of trade which majorly includes steering economic growth, together with technology transfer and promoting competition outweigh the danger of adverse effects to the environment. It is also notable that trade may film to environmental improvements, but it may also make states or firms to seek gaining advantage over their competitors by observing lower environmental standards. To many environmentalists this poses a potential source of conflict between trade and environmental rules and presents a hindrance to the goals that they want to achieve noting the climatic changes we

World Religions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Religions - Essay ExampleIn summary, it may be said that almost every cognize culture involves the religious in the above sense of a shrewdness dimension in cultural experiences at all levels a push, whether ill-defined or conscious, toward some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life. When more or less distinct patterns of behavior are build around this depth dimension in a culture, this structure constitutes religion in its historically recognizable form. Religion is the organization of life around the depth dimensions of experience varied in form, completeness, and clarity in accordance with the environing culture. (Winston King, Encyclopedia of Religion, p.7693). ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion which is centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who is cognise more familiarly by Christians as Jesus Christ. Christianity is considered to be the worlds largest religion Christian views of the afte rlife generally involve heaven and hell, with Catholicism adding an immediate dry land of purgatory. Judaism is the religion of Jewish people, and is single of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world, being exceeded in numbers only by Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. The Buddhist religion was founded in Northern India by the first known Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. Hinduism is a religion which originated in the Indian subcontinent, based on the Vedas and the beliefs of other people of India. It is one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. (Wikipedia, 2006). Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world with approximately 970 million adherents. The term heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the Catholic or Orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of some(prenominal) church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. By extension, heresy is an opinion or doctrine in philosophy, politics, science, art, etc., at variance with those generally accepted as authoritative. Heresy fashion opinion, and the wisdom of such orthodox tradition is certainly not something to be denied or perverted on the basis of mere opinion. (Wilson, 1991). Christianity is a heresy of Judaism in that Christianity actually began in the first century as a Jewish sect. Therefore it shares

Luxury Good and Gucci Essay Example for Free

Luxury Good and Gucci EssayGuccis boilers suit strategy was to vertically integrate to strengthen its overall brand image. After vertically integrating they acquired other luxury retail merchants to continue to grow horizontally and to increase economies of scope. The economics of the luxury goods sedulousness changed forcing Gucci to modify its strategy. Consumers necessary shifted from classic style buyers to style conscious buyers. Gucci not only had to change due to the economics of the industry but they also had several problems with their existing structure. and so Gucci made the following moves to reposition it to compete in the sunrise(prenominal) economics of the luxury goods industry. Gucci The partnership between DeSole and Ford addresses the companys inability to hand streamlined decision making and lucid branding through and throughout the company. By partnering product design and strategy, Gucci can now make product and business decisions that go to bed a c onsistent message externally. All products and communications will support the brand image of a luxury goods retailer that Gucci wants to deliver to the marketplace.The cost parapraxis and targeted layoffs address Guccis poor cost structure. While profit margins were healthy, the extravagant sp kiboshing by the former CEO was reducing profitability. The company had excess head count in some atomic number 18as and less in others. The layoffs improved Guccis cost structure and streamline the organization. Secondly, Gucci lacked the management talent to run a high end luxury company. By laying off underperforming managers and hiring experienced business executives, Gucci significantly improved the quality of its management team.The cash investment by PPR protects Gucci from hostile takeovers by competitors. The improvement in Guccis capital structure enables Gucci to move from an acquisition target to a potential acquirer of substitutes and new entrants. This is critical because in t he appearance industry, new brands are always emerging in the market. The $3 billion dollar cash investment enables Gucci to protect its core market break. Additionally, the acquisition of YSL through the merger diversifies Guccis product portfolio and give rises high barriers to entry.Buyers Due to changing consumer demands, Gucci started to focus on trend in particular the glamorous edge. Since switching cost for consumers are low and consumers are now demanding new fashions every age focusing on seasonal trends competitively positioned Gucci against its rivals and impeded consumers from finding substitutes. Gucci changed its target consumer from an older more than conservative buyer to a modern, upstart, fashion conscious one.Since all of Guccis competitors had the same target (30-50 year affluent women) going after a modern, youthful spirited consumer allows Gucci to focus on a different segment of the luxury market, capturing a different slice of the pie. To create fir mty, give consumers options, and to prevent consumers from switching and purchase a substitute product Gucci decided to revolutionize their product assortments to correspond with the seasonal trends. In addition they increased the quality of their products comparable to Hermes and offered these products at a value to suitable the consumers needs.Furthermore, Gucci tailored their product assortment in each DOS to local customers to attract more consumers in the local markets. To better forecast product demand for seasonal goods and to keep inventory costs down Gucci added customer intelligence to the decision making process to better soul consumers buying behavior. In order to obtain higher profit margins and offer a comprehensive line of products it was necessary for Gucci to diversify its portfolio. Hence Gucci introduced items from scarves to fur coats.To die hard focused and maintain its luxury status, Gucci did not introduce diffusion product lines. Gucci had initially set i ts prices too high hence reducing their retail prices by 30% was necessary to attract and maintain customer loyalty. In order to generate demand for the product Gucci doubled their advertising and turned tomcat Ford into a celebrity hoping to attract media and attention from around the world. To restore Guccis image as a high end luxury goods retailer they renovated all of their stores to support this new image.In addition all internal and external communications had the same look and feel to convey a consistent brand identity. Furthermore, they reduced distribution through retail stores that didnt support the new brand image regardless of sales. Gucci launched an official web site to create awareness and exhibit new product lines and to position themselves against their competitors. Suppliers Suppliers are a key driver of profitabilitya key competitive force.Suppliers are trusty for delivering a premium product that satisfies the companys standards in quality and that reflects To m Fords creative vision. Without fast turnover to meet fashion forward trend demands and a quality product, the repositioning of the Gucci brand could not lay down taken place. To fulfill this vision Gucci created an incentive program to keep suppliers loyal to ensure a quality product was manufactured, on time delivery, and it would prevent the suppliers from forging relationships with Guccis competitors.In addition, Gucci made suppliers more efficient through engineering and logistics investments, provided training for suppliers and built an EDI network allowing Gucci to efficiently communicate with partner suppliers through the production process. As more fashion products will be produced every season along with the classic products, delivery and meeting demand could become an issue if production processes are not efficient. Investing in suppliers ensures that supplier threat, which is high, is controlled and suppliers have incentives to confine with Gucci.Supplier threat is hi gh because of there is an absence of substitutes suppliers. Switching costs are high for Gucci other suppliers may be producing for their rivals. Other suppliers may not deliver the quality and craftsmanship Gucci is expecting. In addition, other suppliers do not have experience in producing Gucci products (current suppliers have been with Gucci for long time). Hence they will have a longer learning curve slowing down the production process.There are few suppliers in specific regions Gucci suppliers had production capacity to meet Guccis growth (20-30% a year). However, finding new suppliers would be going into Pradas territory. With more growth, suppliers gained bargaining power with sub-suppliers and with Gucci. Initially, Gucci had power because suppliers worried that Gucci would go foreign for suppliers. Complementors Complementors are a not a high threat to Gucci because there only a few of them, media and advertising. Competition There are many firms in this industry because profit margins are high.However with the number and volume of MA activity on the rise, consolidation is imminent with a few big players unexpended in the market. Consolidation among competition has given competitors lower cost structure resulting in a competitive advantage such as ad buying discounts and supplier negotiating power. The competitors have a diversified product portfolio to target multiple segments of the market. They dominate in particular segments, for example Hermes and leather bags. Since there is slow industry growth precipitating fights for market share is certain to occur.This may result in a high threat from competitors such as LVMH and Prada. Threat of debut The threat of entry is low because brand identity and product differentiation has been well established in this industry. In addition, access to distribution channels is circumscribed and the new entrant would be competing with already established channels of distribution for Gucci and others firms. Guc ci and other competitors have substantial resources to fight back because they of their monetary resources and could obstruct the new entrant or buy them out.

The pros and cons of teen sex Essay Example for Free

The pros and cons of teen rouse EssaySex, or the lack there of, will always be a topic among teens. Teens date, and teens have relationships. Most of these relationships will inevitably come to a point where one must chose whether to seize the moment and have sex with their partner, or they will set standards ahead of time saying they will not have sex until marriage. Every teen is either on one cheek of the fence or the other they either will have prenuptial sex, or they will abstain. These cardinal stances shed light on why sex is out of date today, what the world thinks about sex, and what religion says about sexual immorality. The facts ar evident teens have sex. It showms almost impossible to calculate the number of teens who ar actually having premarital sex, because, of course, they dont wish to confess. Some teens though, have no choice save to confess because their actions lead to severe consequences such as pregnancy. Forty-three percentage of adolescent wome n become pregnant at least once before age 20 (Internet 1).That fact alone concludes that the choice of waiting for sex is in close running with the choice of not waiting. In the United States alone, more(prenominal) than 2,800 adolescents become pregnant each day. 1,300 of these girls give birth, 1,100 have abortions, and 400 have miscarriages (Internet 1). These astonish facts prove that sex whitethorn be considered out of control among teens today. In the olden days, around the Victorian period, sex was far from the topic that it is today. Also, during this time premarital sex was unthinkable. What happened between then and now that caused such an uproar? The world says that sex has become out of control because it was hushed for so long. But, for the last 20 years, sex has most defiantly not been hushed. If hushing up had been the cause of the trouble, ventilation would have set it right. But it has not (Lewis 92).As the world talks more and more about sex, and as the conseque nces of pregnancy Page 1 decrease through birth control methods, the issue of sex starts getting out of control. receive control has had a huge impact on the increase of sexual activity. But, it wasnt until the early seventies that it became an issue in America. In 1972 the Supreme Court tout ensemble legalized birth control (Corfman 3). Also around this time came the invention of the pill. This wonder drug completely revolutionized the way humans viewed sex. People were no longer aghast(predicate) of sex since the consequences of pregnancy almost vanished. Intercourse was promoted as an scene of love, and since then has become a casual affair to most of theworld. The world view states that coitus is merely the ultimate way to evince love. This statement completely sequesters sex from marriage and downsizes it to become almost equal with a kiss which is also an expression of love.All around is heard the saying that sex is nothing to be ashamed of. This cliche is mostly true, but that does not mean sex should be talked about so openly. In fact, talking about the sex in the state that it is now should almost be shocking. C.S. Lewis uses a great illustration to express this point. Lewis says that there is nothing to be ashamed of in enjoying food, but there would be everything to be ashamed of if half the world made food the of import interest of their lives and spent time looking at pictures of food and drooling and licking their lips (Lewis 92). As the sexual entertainment industry continues to grow people continue to let down sex until it reaches the point of being almost meaningless. They view sex in the shameful way that Lewis refers to. Becoming obsessed and controlled by their physical lust, they let their emotions and desires control their actions. Naturally, sex is a desire of every human being. The way that humans control this desire is what separates the world view from the Christian view. The world promotes pursuing urges and desires seize the day.A great example from the world view is Andrew Marvells poem, Page 2 To His Coy Mistress. In this poem Marvell possess a great love for a woman. Rather than waiting to have his Mistress, he wants her immediately. For he says times winged chariot is hurrying near because he wants his mistress to see there may not be much time left. Marvell wants her so much that he talks about tearing pleasures. This phrase gives the image of desiring something, such as a gift, so much that it must be immediately torn into rather than slowly opened. Seizing the day comes into play in the last line, we cannot make the sunbathe stand still. Since he cannot stop time and feels it coming closer, he wants to seize the opportunity before it passes him by (Marvell 241). Seizing the day is a great motto, but according to many religions it should not be applied to sex, especially before marriage. The majority of Christians abstain from premarital sex based on what the Word of divinity fudge says.Of c ourse not every Christian obeys what the Bible says in regards to sex and, not everyone who abstains from premarital sex does so based on Biblical beliefs. But, for the involvement of the topic, this half of the paper will assume the abstinence stance because of what the bible says about the subject. Thefirst stance on sex and marriage held by Christians is that the two cannot be separated. Lewis again gives a great illustration of food to show that it is completely unnatural to separate two things God created to be together.He states that Christians do not believe that there is anything wrong with sexual pleasure, any more than there is with the pleasure of eating. But Christians do not believe that one should isolate sexual pleasure and try to get it outside of marriage, any more that one should try and get the pleasures of taste by just chewing and ptyalize it out again, rather than swallowing and digesting (Lewis 97). The World has completely separated sex and marriage idolizi ng sex while degrading the importance of the covenant of marriage. Page 3To Christians, a healthy attitude towards sex starts with a high view of marriage. For it says in Gods Word that Marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, For God will judge the adulterer and the sexual immoral (Hebrews 134). Christians esteem marriage and take it very seriously. Bible believing churches do not believe in divorce, except of course in extreme cases. These high standards of marriage motivate people to think highly of sex. Guarding the sacredness of the marriage bed occurs by refusing to steal from it while single. Having complete intercourse is not the only way to steal from the marriage bed. Any sort of sexual immorality that God does not agree with steals from the sacredness of sex.The majority of people these days are stealing from the sacred gift that God has given for humans to experience during marriage. Sex and marriage are very spiritual things. When someone comm its their life to Christ they die to self, and become alive in Him. Therefore the man is not his own, his Body belongs to God and he should honor him God by fleeing from sexual immorality (1 Corinthians 18-20). When two people that belong to Christ marry and have sex they become one (1 Corinthians 616). It joins a couple in an inseparable way, that is why divorce is not an option. After the two become one, if they are to divorce it is like cutting up a living body.Therefore sex is as much a spiritual mystery as it is a physical fact. Whether someone chooses to believe this statement or not sex is a serious action with very serious consequences. No matter what stance a person takes in regards to abstinence, everyone must see the facts that sex is out ofcontrol. Either people need to be smart when indulging in premarital sex, or they need to abstain completely. It has come to the shameful state where it now stands because people have abused the scared gift God created to be experience d only between a husband and wife.

Figures of Speech Essay Example for Free

Figures of Speech EssayPoets use different figures of speech to convey the message of their dresss. approximately poets use illustrations or similes to baffle the mind and force the body to feel and see the images created while others use paradox, hyperboles, or puns to create the equivalent effect. A technical metrical composition should involve all the senses and make the mind puzzle prohibited to note meaning. William Blake uses metaphors to make the mind impart overtime to demote multiple meanings in his work To See a World in a Grain of Sand, while Chidiock Tichborne uses paradox to baffle the mind and reiterate the single meaning in his work Elegy, Written With His Own Hand forward His Execution. To See a World in a Grain of Sand by William Blake is a short poem that is filled with deep meaning. Through the use of metaphors and word choice the work seems lengthy to the mind unless short to the eye. A metaphor is a narrative that one thing is something else, bu t in a literal sense it is not (Kennedy 817). A metaphor is filled with suggestion giving a simp permiton line of poetry almost infinite meanings. To See the World in a Grain of Sand (1) is a statement that is loaded with suggestion.There argon many similarities between a grain of sand and the world such as the world is made up of many grains of sand, some(prenominal) are round, and both are the same material to name a few. The two objects are also so different that that the line of poetry leaves the mind scrambling to figure out the meaning of this word combination. To figure out the meaning one must look at the literal meanings of the words and the figurative meaning of the word combinations to disencumber the riddle.On the literal level one must look at the key words in the line such as world, grain, and sand and find their definitions and how they relate to the other words in the line. By definition world is the Earth or Universe grain is a relatively minor(ip) subatomic par ticle and sand is loose grains of worn or disintegrated rock (On Line Dictionary). The connotations of these words in the context of this line help the brain to understand that an object of ample size or quantity is being compared to something very small. oneness of the many meanings that could come from this statement is its hard to see the big picture of something while whole looking at one small detail. This is only one meaning suggested through this powerful line. Every line in Blakes poem is a metaphor that is filled with suggestion and deep meaning. H doddery infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour (3) is another metaphor Blake uses to baffle the mind. Infinity is An unbind space, time, or quantity while eternity is time without beginning or end (On Line Dictionary).It is difficult for the mind to fathom these words when looked at alone, but in the context of the poem it is even more difficult to understand how one could fit such a mass into a hand or an h our. On the literal level the mind says it is impossible to comprehend so one must look to the figurative meaning to comprehend what is being said. One of the many meanings of this line is the same as the first it is hard to see the big picture while only looking at one small detail. Blakes word choice also helps the meaning of the poem.If Blake were to use similes rather than metaphors the work would take on different meaning. If the line and eternity into an hour (4) were changed to eternity is like an hour the work would take on a more limited meaning. When like is put into the line, eternity and hour become directly related where as in the first line eternity is trying to be fit into an hour. A similar effect would occur if the line heaven in a wild flower (2) were changed to heaven is like a wild flower. Heaven would be compared directly to a flower which would change the meaning of this line and thereof the poem.Blake apply metaphors and word choice to write a poem that is short, but contains depth. Every word and metaphor in To See the World in a Grain of Sand was carefully arranged to give the poem a broad meaning that could be interpreted in many different ways. In contrast Chidiock Tichborne uses word choice and paradox to convey his limited meaning in the work Elegy, Written With His Own Hand in the Tower Before His Execution. A paradox is a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but on reflection makes some sense (Kennedy 826).Tichbornes work is filled with paradoxes, and is summed up by the paradox at the end of each stanza And now I live, and now my life is done (6). When looking at the master(prenominal) lines in the poem as they reoccur at the end of each stanza one wonders how it is possible to be alive now and also dead at the same time. Upon closer examination of the work the other lines help the brain figure out the paradox. To make sense of the central mood it must be looked at in the context of the other lines in th e work. Each line in the work is a paradox that is key to understanding the central idea of the poem.My younker is spent, yet I am not old (9) is one of the lines that mirrors the main point. Youth is defined as the condition of being young while old is defined as having lived for a relatively long time (On Line Dictionary). When looking at these definitions one understands that the narrator has used up their youth, but has not grown old. This could be restated as And now I live, and now my life is done. I sought my death, and found it in my womb (13) is another restatement of the central idea of the poem. Sought means to look for or seek out, so the narrator is looking for his end (On Line Dictionary).Found is to come upon something by searching, and womb is a place where something is generated, so the found his death was where he began (On Line Dictionary). After looking at these definitions we realize that the narrator has not fully lived youth let alone life and is about to die . The two poets demonstrated different figures of speech o convey their message. Blake used metaphors to give his work multiple meanings while Tichborne used paradox to restate his central idea. The two poems are very different from each other but both challenge the mind and body to find meaning making both great works of literature.

Research on Immunology in Pregnancy

Research on Immu noneogy in gestation periodInvestigative ReviewNichole GaleThe systems commanding the implantation and acceptance of the genetically and immunologically foreign foetus within the beatly body confound often been likened to that of an organ transplant, or the ingathering of a apprisecerous tumour. The foetus is like a transplanted kidney, in the way that it is genetically different from the waiter and must evade insubordinate defences to avoid rejection (Quinn 1999). The fetus inherits foreign paternally derived histocompatibility genes, meaning that there is close contact between two genetically disparate individuals within the enate body (Warshaw 1983, p63). Thus, the fetus is often referred to as an homograft, an allograft being a graft transplanted by an individual that is not genetically identical, but of the same species (Marieb 1998, p789). The subject of fetus acceptance and tolerance within the paternal body has triggered great interest and contr oversy, and the systems that allow the acceptance of the fetus are complex and varying. Internal gestation has involved a wide range of adaptations of animals for retentivity of young within the body of the parent (Warshaw 1983, p63).The human repellent system includes many cellular patterns that constantly exchange information to provide the body with the energy to recognise foreignness or non-self in the form of antigens that enter our body (Warshaw 1983, p200). The recognition of antigens spark the inflammatory response, which must act with minimum damage to the host, in order to eliminate the intruder (Warshaw 1983, p200). Antigens are expressed by beforehand(predicate) human embryonic tissue (Loke 1978, p5), so it could be expected that the early human embryo would trigger an inflammatory response to rid the m separates body of the foreign body. The exposure to non-self paternal antigens on the fetus requires the adaptation of the maternal immune system to prevent the reje ction of the allogeneic fetus without compromising the ability of the mother to fend off infection (Koch Platt 2003).The immune system consists of an native (humoral) and an adaptive (cellular) comp wizardnt, in order to combat potential pathogens. It has been suggested that the main immune response triggered by the fetus is the adaptive response, where there is antigen representation, followed by response dictation by Helper T cells (Quinn 1999). In normal maternal quality, progesterone suppresses the humoral response. This has been used to explain why some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis that are under humoral effect, often improve during gestation (Quinn 1999).Early work on immunological tolerance, conducted by Medawar, has been the lay downation of further studies regarding the paradox of pregnancy. Medawar proposed tether mechanisms that might together act to allow immune treasureion of the fetus. Two of Medawars earlier suggested mechanisms have since been proved to not actually pertain during pregnancy (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). The first hypothesis was that there was segregation of the fetal and maternal circulations, or that a barrier might form between the mother and fetus, preventing exposure of the maternal immune system to allogeneic antigens expressed on fetal tissue, leading to immunological ignorance (Koch Platt 2003). Medwars second hypothesis referred to the immunological immaturity of fetal tissue, and this allogenic immaturity acting to suppress the expression of antigens that the maternal immune system might recognise as foreign and target for destruction (Koch Platt 2003). More recent inquiry has tended to focus on Medwars third hypothesis, that the maternal immune system somehow ignores potentially immunogenic fetal tissue (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). Leading from this, there has in like manner been lots focus on the means of inducing immune tolerance, the emergence of T cell suppression in mediating peripheral tolerance, the mechanisms mediating matererno-fetal tolerance and the role played by regulatory T cells in mouse and human pregnancy (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2005).Koch and Platt (2003) suggest overlapping mechanisms such as the formation of an anatomical barrier between mother and fetus, lack of maternal immune responsiveness, and a lack of expression of allogenic molecules by the fetus to account for the lack of fetal rejection. These mechanisms can help in ascendent to understand how rejection is avoided, yet do not completely explain how the fetus evades the maternal immune system (Koch Platt 2003). Harding and Bocking (2001, p238) state that it was originally proposed that the maternal-fetal interface was perhaps an immunologically privilege site, or that there was a generalised suppression of maternal immune response.Recent studies have challenged earlier theories such as these, and it has since been found that not only is there actual recogni tion of fetal alloantigens by the mothers immune system, but that her body also responds to them. Fetal cells can be detected in maternal circulation, and fetal tissue expresses MHC class I and class II and is antigenically mature (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). MHC are major histocompatibility complex proteins coded for by genes. Class I are found on virtually all body cells, whereas class II displayed only by cells that act in immune response (Marieb 1998). The understanding of the immune events and mechanisms occurring at the maternal-fetal interface are likely to help in the understanding of the ability of the fetus to survive within the maternal body.Since Medawars proposed hypotheses, much focus has continued on fetal immune evasion mechanisms. As well as the three mechanisms above, suggested by Medawar, Koch and Platt (2003) explore a fourth mechanism, site-specific suppression. This refers to local suppression of maternal immune responses at the maternal-fetal interfac e (Koch Platt 2003). Localised suppression at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy negates the need for systemic immunosuppression which could adventure the well-being of the mother (Koch Platt 2003). Earlier studies suggested that trophoblast acted simply as a barrier between the mother and fetus, but it now seems that perhaps that it could have diverse immunoregulatory properties tyrannical immune recognition, activation, and effector responsibilitys (Koch Platt 2003).It has been proposed by various studies that T cells play a major role in sustaining pregnancy. T cells are lymphocytes that mediate cellular immunity. T cells with regulatory functions are potent suppressors of T cell responses and can protect tissues from T cell mediated destruction (Mellor Munn 2004). Observations in experimental pregnant mice have shown that while pregnant, they tend to overproduce a kind of T cell that reins in other immune cells that might target the fetus (Seppa 2004). In one s tudy, conducted by immunologist Betz (Seppa 2004) it was found that pregnant mice have double to triple the number of CD4+ CD25+ T cells, also called regulatory T cells, in their blood, spleen, and lymph tissue as do female mice that are not pregnant. It has also been shown that in humans, levels of circulating CD4+ and CD25+ cells increases progressively at each stage in human pregnancy beginning from the first trimester (Mellor Munn 2004).It has been demonstrated that Tregs (T regulator cells) have a key role in regulating maternal effector T cell responses to fetal alloantigens as maternal effector T cells seem to pose a potentially deadly threat to the developing fetus in the absence of regulatory function mediated by maternal Tregs (Mellor Munn 2004). It has also been speculated that hormonal changes during pregnancy might provide one explanation for enhanced maternal Treg development during fetal gestation because pregnancy-associated hormones, such as progesterones, promot e immunosuppression (Mellor Munn 2004). In regard to the suppression of maternal immunity, it is still unclear if Tregs directly or indirectly inhibit effector T cell responses to fetal alloantigens (Mellor Munn 2004).To further test the cells effect on pregnancy, 30 female mice were mated with males. 15 out of the 30 mice had fully functioning immune systems, whilst the other 15 mice lacked the regulatory T cells. While a slightly higher than normal number of healthy female mice became pregnant, none of the mice lacking T cells were able to become pregnant. It seems that the role of T cells remains unclear, but that further understanding of the role of regulatory T cells might also lead to bare-assed treatments for suppressing rejection of transplanted organs and inhibiting autoimmune reactions, in which a persons immune cells attack his or her own tissues (Seppa 2004). Mellor and Munn (2004) also suggest that the revelation that maternal Tregs might help protect the developing fetus testament have various implications, not only the possibility of offering alternative therapies to suppress immunity, but also possibilities for improving pregnancy success rates in patients with problematic pregnancies. Again, the effect of T cells on autoimmune diseases is referred to by Mellor and Munn (2004), increased systemic Treg function might explain why some autoimmune syndromes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, go into remission during pregnancy.There has also been some discussion on the role of macrophages as immunoregulators of pregnancy. It has been claimed that most attention has focused on immune tolerance to the invading trophoblast and fetus, but Mor and Abrahams (2003) suggest that it is also important to consider the function of the maternal immune system in the promotion of implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. During implantation, apoptosis is necessary for tissue remodelling of the maternal decidua and invasion of the developing embryo (Mor Abrahams 2003). It has been sited that apoptosis is active voice in the trophoblast layer of placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies throughout gestation, suggesting that there is a constant cell turnover at the site of implantation necessary for the appropriate growth and function of the placenta (Mor Abrahams 2003). During implantation and invasion, it appears that a large number of macrophages are present in the maternal decidua and in tissues close in proximity to the placenta.Originally it was intellection the large numbers of macrophages were to represent an immune response against the invading trophoblast. Mor and Abrahams (2003) propose that this may not be the case, and that macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cells prevents the release of potentially pro-inflammatory and pro-immunogenic intracellular contents. Trophoblast cells carry proteins that are antigenically foreign to the maternal immune system. If these proteins are released as a result of cell death, it could initiate or accelerate immunological responses, with lethal consequences for the fetus (Mor Abrahams 2003). Therefore, the appropriate removal of the intracellular components by macrophages may be critical for the prevention of fetal rejection. Mor and Abrahams (2003) conclude that the field of apoptotic cell clearance is beginning to flourish, and many questions remain unanswered.There is not just one mechanism involved in the immune regulation of pregnancy, but multiple, diverse mechanisms that are likely sequential during gestation (Koch Platt 2003). As humans have a much longer gestation period, and a more invasive placental anatomy, it is sometimes difficult to test in laboratory animals and apply results to humans, as there may be different mechanisms. But it is believed that mechanisms involved with the fetus can be utilised in the studies of rejection following transplantation. As Koch and Platt (2003) suggest, knowledge of the immunoregulatory mechanisms of both the fetus and stem cells will help immunologists understand general mechanisms of tolerance and immune evasion, and will prove invaluable in the fields of organ and cellular transplantation. It has been suggested that both studies in stem cells and fetal rejection can benefit each other and help in understanding of systems involved.Pregnancy has also been said to have overall effects on the mothers immune system and maternal defence against organisms. According to Creasy and Resnik (2004, p103) numerous reports indicate that pregnant women have increased susceptibility to a variety of infections. It is said that there appears to be a turn out toward increased susceptibility to viral infections, consistent with suppressed cell-mediated immunity and a relative decrease in Th1 (humoral/innate) responses during pregnancy (Creasy Resnik 2004, p103). However, it also added that more recent cautiously analysed data do not indicate that maternal immunity is substantially impaired, and most pregnant women a re able to adequately respond to most infective diseases (Creasy Resnik 2004, p103). Harding and Bocking (2001, p238) also claim that most studies tend to suggest that maternal cell-mediated immunity is unchanged during pregnancy.According to some experts, infertility, recurrent miscarriage, premature delivery and pre-eclampsia may all be linked to immunological abnormalities. It could be that some of these problems are due to defective generation of Tregs during pregnancy (Mellor Munn 2004). It is possible that methods involving in vitro refinement of Tregs could help in treating spontaneous immune disease syndromes. Koch and Platt (2003) also suggest that both adult and embryonic stem cells might use mechanisms similar to the fetus in avoiding rejection. Future discoveries in the field of reproductive immunology will help us understand not only immune regulation during pregnancy, but also how immune responses towards organ and cellular transplants might be controlled (Koch Pla tt 2003).ReferencesAluvihare, V., Kallikourdis, M., and Betz, A. 2004 Tolerance, suppression and the fetal allograft. Journal of Molecular Medicine. Online, vol. 83, no. 2, pp 88-96. Available from Medline. 11 October 2005.Creasy R. Resnik R. (ed.) 2004. Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 5th edn., Saunders, Philadelphia.Harding, R., Bocking, A., (ed.) 2001. Fetal issue and Development, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Koch, C. Platt, J. 2003 Natural Mechanisms for evading graft rejection the fetus as an allograft, Springer Seminars in Immunopathology, Online, vol. 25, no. 2, pp 95-117. Available from SpringerLink. 7 October 2005.Loke, Y., 1978. Immunology and Immunopathology of the Human Fetal-Maternal Interaction, Elsevier Horth-Holland Biomedical Press, New York.Marieb. E., 1998. Human Anatomy and Physiology, quaternate edn., Addison Wesley Longman, California.Mellor, A. Munn, D. 2004 Policing pregnancy Tregs help keep the peace, Trends in Immunology. Online, vol. 25, no.11, pp 563-565. Available from Medline. 10 October 2005.Mor, G. Abrahams, V. 2003 Potential role of macrophages as immunoregulators of pregnancy, Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. Online, vol. 119, no.1. Available from Medline. 11 October 2005.Quinn, T. (1999), Immunology in Pregnancy The Fetal Allograft, Online, SIU Medical Library. Available from http//www.siumed.edu/lib/ref/ppt/immunpreg/ 20 September 2005.Seppa, N. 2004 Some T cells may be a fetus best friend, Science News, Online, vol. 165, no. 8, p125. Available from Proquest. 11 October 2005.Warshaw, J. (ed.) 1983, The Biological Basis of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York.