The pros and cons of teen sex Essay Example for Free

The pros and cons of teen rouse EssaySex, or the lack there of, will always be a topic among teens. Teens date, and teens have relationships. Most of these relationships will inevitably come to a point where one must chose whether to seize the moment and have sex with their partner, or they will set standards ahead of time saying they will not have sex until marriage. Every teen is either on one cheek of the fence or the other they either will have prenuptial sex, or they will abstain. These cardinal stances shed light on why sex is out of date today, what the world thinks about sex, and what religion says about sexual immorality. The facts ar evident teens have sex. It showms almost impossible to calculate the number of teens who ar actually having premarital sex, because, of course, they dont wish to confess. Some teens though, have no choice save to confess because their actions lead to severe consequences such as pregnancy. Forty-three percentage of adolescent wome n become pregnant at least once before age 20 (Internet 1).That fact alone concludes that the choice of waiting for sex is in close running with the choice of not waiting. In the United States alone, more(prenominal) than 2,800 adolescents become pregnant each day. 1,300 of these girls give birth, 1,100 have abortions, and 400 have miscarriages (Internet 1). These astonish facts prove that sex whitethorn be considered out of control among teens today. In the olden days, around the Victorian period, sex was far from the topic that it is today. Also, during this time premarital sex was unthinkable. What happened between then and now that caused such an uproar? The world says that sex has become out of control because it was hushed for so long. But, for the last 20 years, sex has most defiantly not been hushed. If hushing up had been the cause of the trouble, ventilation would have set it right. But it has not (Lewis 92).As the world talks more and more about sex, and as the conseque nces of pregnancy Page 1 decrease through birth control methods, the issue of sex starts getting out of control. receive control has had a huge impact on the increase of sexual activity. But, it wasnt until the early seventies that it became an issue in America. In 1972 the Supreme Court tout ensemble legalized birth control (Corfman 3). Also around this time came the invention of the pill. This wonder drug completely revolutionized the way humans viewed sex. People were no longer aghast(predicate) of sex since the consequences of pregnancy almost vanished. Intercourse was promoted as an scene of love, and since then has become a casual affair to most of theworld. The world view states that coitus is merely the ultimate way to evince love. This statement completely sequesters sex from marriage and downsizes it to become almost equal with a kiss which is also an expression of love.All around is heard the saying that sex is nothing to be ashamed of. This cliche is mostly true, but that does not mean sex should be talked about so openly. In fact, talking about the sex in the state that it is now should almost be shocking. C.S. Lewis uses a great illustration to express this point. Lewis says that there is nothing to be ashamed of in enjoying food, but there would be everything to be ashamed of if half the world made food the of import interest of their lives and spent time looking at pictures of food and drooling and licking their lips (Lewis 92). As the sexual entertainment industry continues to grow people continue to let down sex until it reaches the point of being almost meaningless. They view sex in the shameful way that Lewis refers to. Becoming obsessed and controlled by their physical lust, they let their emotions and desires control their actions. Naturally, sex is a desire of every human being. The way that humans control this desire is what separates the world view from the Christian view. The world promotes pursuing urges and desires seize the day.A great example from the world view is Andrew Marvells poem, Page 2 To His Coy Mistress. In this poem Marvell possess a great love for a woman. Rather than waiting to have his Mistress, he wants her immediately. For he says times winged chariot is hurrying near because he wants his mistress to see there may not be much time left. Marvell wants her so much that he talks about tearing pleasures. This phrase gives the image of desiring something, such as a gift, so much that it must be immediately torn into rather than slowly opened. Seizing the day comes into play in the last line, we cannot make the sunbathe stand still. Since he cannot stop time and feels it coming closer, he wants to seize the opportunity before it passes him by (Marvell 241). Seizing the day is a great motto, but according to many religions it should not be applied to sex, especially before marriage. The majority of Christians abstain from premarital sex based on what the Word of divinity fudge says.Of c ourse not every Christian obeys what the Bible says in regards to sex and, not everyone who abstains from premarital sex does so based on Biblical beliefs. But, for the involvement of the topic, this half of the paper will assume the abstinence stance because of what the bible says about the subject. Thefirst stance on sex and marriage held by Christians is that the two cannot be separated. Lewis again gives a great illustration of food to show that it is completely unnatural to separate two things God created to be together.He states that Christians do not believe that there is anything wrong with sexual pleasure, any more than there is with the pleasure of eating. But Christians do not believe that one should isolate sexual pleasure and try to get it outside of marriage, any more that one should try and get the pleasures of taste by just chewing and ptyalize it out again, rather than swallowing and digesting (Lewis 97). The World has completely separated sex and marriage idolizi ng sex while degrading the importance of the covenant of marriage. Page 3To Christians, a healthy attitude towards sex starts with a high view of marriage. For it says in Gods Word that Marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, For God will judge the adulterer and the sexual immoral (Hebrews 134). Christians esteem marriage and take it very seriously. Bible believing churches do not believe in divorce, except of course in extreme cases. These high standards of marriage motivate people to think highly of sex. Guarding the sacredness of the marriage bed occurs by refusing to steal from it while single. Having complete intercourse is not the only way to steal from the marriage bed. Any sort of sexual immorality that God does not agree with steals from the sacredness of sex.The majority of people these days are stealing from the sacred gift that God has given for humans to experience during marriage. Sex and marriage are very spiritual things. When someone comm its their life to Christ they die to self, and become alive in Him. Therefore the man is not his own, his Body belongs to God and he should honor him God by fleeing from sexual immorality (1 Corinthians 18-20). When two people that belong to Christ marry and have sex they become one (1 Corinthians 616). It joins a couple in an inseparable way, that is why divorce is not an option. After the two become one, if they are to divorce it is like cutting up a living body.Therefore sex is as much a spiritual mystery as it is a physical fact. Whether someone chooses to believe this statement or not sex is a serious action with very serious consequences. No matter what stance a person takes in regards to abstinence, everyone must see the facts that sex is out ofcontrol. Either people need to be smart when indulging in premarital sex, or they need to abstain completely. It has come to the shameful state where it now stands because people have abused the scared gift God created to be experience d only between a husband and wife.

Figures of Speech Essay Example for Free

Figures of Speech EssayPoets use different figures of speech to convey the message of their dresss. approximately poets use illustrations or similes to baffle the mind and force the body to feel and see the images created while others use paradox, hyperboles, or puns to create the equivalent effect. A technical metrical composition should involve all the senses and make the mind puzzle prohibited to note meaning. William Blake uses metaphors to make the mind impart overtime to demote multiple meanings in his work To See a World in a Grain of Sand, while Chidiock Tichborne uses paradox to baffle the mind and reiterate the single meaning in his work Elegy, Written With His Own Hand forward His Execution. To See a World in a Grain of Sand by William Blake is a short poem that is filled with deep meaning. Through the use of metaphors and word choice the work seems lengthy to the mind unless short to the eye. A metaphor is a narrative that one thing is something else, bu t in a literal sense it is not (Kennedy 817). A metaphor is filled with suggestion giving a simp permiton line of poetry almost infinite meanings. To See the World in a Grain of Sand (1) is a statement that is loaded with suggestion.There argon many similarities between a grain of sand and the world such as the world is made up of many grains of sand, some(prenominal) are round, and both are the same material to name a few. The two objects are also so different that that the line of poetry leaves the mind scrambling to figure out the meaning of this word combination. To figure out the meaning one must look at the literal meanings of the words and the figurative meaning of the word combinations to disencumber the riddle.On the literal level one must look at the key words in the line such as world, grain, and sand and find their definitions and how they relate to the other words in the line. By definition world is the Earth or Universe grain is a relatively minor(ip) subatomic par ticle and sand is loose grains of worn or disintegrated rock (On Line Dictionary). The connotations of these words in the context of this line help the brain to understand that an object of ample size or quantity is being compared to something very small. oneness of the many meanings that could come from this statement is its hard to see the big picture of something while whole looking at one small detail. This is only one meaning suggested through this powerful line. Every line in Blakes poem is a metaphor that is filled with suggestion and deep meaning. H doddery infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour (3) is another metaphor Blake uses to baffle the mind. Infinity is An unbind space, time, or quantity while eternity is time without beginning or end (On Line Dictionary).It is difficult for the mind to fathom these words when looked at alone, but in the context of the poem it is even more difficult to understand how one could fit such a mass into a hand or an h our. On the literal level the mind says it is impossible to comprehend so one must look to the figurative meaning to comprehend what is being said. One of the many meanings of this line is the same as the first it is hard to see the big picture while only looking at one small detail. Blakes word choice also helps the meaning of the poem.If Blake were to use similes rather than metaphors the work would take on different meaning. If the line and eternity into an hour (4) were changed to eternity is like an hour the work would take on a more limited meaning. When like is put into the line, eternity and hour become directly related where as in the first line eternity is trying to be fit into an hour. A similar effect would occur if the line heaven in a wild flower (2) were changed to heaven is like a wild flower. Heaven would be compared directly to a flower which would change the meaning of this line and thereof the poem.Blake apply metaphors and word choice to write a poem that is short, but contains depth. Every word and metaphor in To See the World in a Grain of Sand was carefully arranged to give the poem a broad meaning that could be interpreted in many different ways. In contrast Chidiock Tichborne uses word choice and paradox to convey his limited meaning in the work Elegy, Written With His Own Hand in the Tower Before His Execution. A paradox is a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but on reflection makes some sense (Kennedy 826).Tichbornes work is filled with paradoxes, and is summed up by the paradox at the end of each stanza And now I live, and now my life is done (6). When looking at the master(prenominal) lines in the poem as they reoccur at the end of each stanza one wonders how it is possible to be alive now and also dead at the same time. Upon closer examination of the work the other lines help the brain figure out the paradox. To make sense of the central mood it must be looked at in the context of the other lines in th e work. Each line in the work is a paradox that is key to understanding the central idea of the poem.My younker is spent, yet I am not old (9) is one of the lines that mirrors the main point. Youth is defined as the condition of being young while old is defined as having lived for a relatively long time (On Line Dictionary). When looking at these definitions one understands that the narrator has used up their youth, but has not grown old. This could be restated as And now I live, and now my life is done. I sought my death, and found it in my womb (13) is another restatement of the central idea of the poem. Sought means to look for or seek out, so the narrator is looking for his end (On Line Dictionary).Found is to come upon something by searching, and womb is a place where something is generated, so the found his death was where he began (On Line Dictionary). After looking at these definitions we realize that the narrator has not fully lived youth let alone life and is about to die . The two poets demonstrated different figures of speech o convey their message. Blake used metaphors to give his work multiple meanings while Tichborne used paradox to restate his central idea. The two poems are very different from each other but both challenge the mind and body to find meaning making both great works of literature.

Research on Immunology in Pregnancy

Research on Immu noneogy in gestation periodInvestigative ReviewNichole GaleThe systems commanding the implantation and acceptance of the genetically and immunologically foreign foetus within the beatly body confound often been likened to that of an organ transplant, or the ingathering of a apprisecerous tumour. The foetus is like a transplanted kidney, in the way that it is genetically different from the waiter and must evade insubordinate defences to avoid rejection (Quinn 1999). The fetus inherits foreign paternally derived histocompatibility genes, meaning that there is close contact between two genetically disparate individuals within the enate body (Warshaw 1983, p63). Thus, the fetus is often referred to as an homograft, an allograft being a graft transplanted by an individual that is not genetically identical, but of the same species (Marieb 1998, p789). The subject of fetus acceptance and tolerance within the paternal body has triggered great interest and contr oversy, and the systems that allow the acceptance of the fetus are complex and varying. Internal gestation has involved a wide range of adaptations of animals for retentivity of young within the body of the parent (Warshaw 1983, p63).The human repellent system includes many cellular patterns that constantly exchange information to provide the body with the energy to recognise foreignness or non-self in the form of antigens that enter our body (Warshaw 1983, p200). The recognition of antigens spark the inflammatory response, which must act with minimum damage to the host, in order to eliminate the intruder (Warshaw 1983, p200). Antigens are expressed by beforehand(predicate) human embryonic tissue (Loke 1978, p5), so it could be expected that the early human embryo would trigger an inflammatory response to rid the m separates body of the foreign body. The exposure to non-self paternal antigens on the fetus requires the adaptation of the maternal immune system to prevent the reje ction of the allogeneic fetus without compromising the ability of the mother to fend off infection (Koch Platt 2003).The immune system consists of an native (humoral) and an adaptive (cellular) comp wizardnt, in order to combat potential pathogens. It has been suggested that the main immune response triggered by the fetus is the adaptive response, where there is antigen representation, followed by response dictation by Helper T cells (Quinn 1999). In normal maternal quality, progesterone suppresses the humoral response. This has been used to explain why some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis that are under humoral effect, often improve during gestation (Quinn 1999).Early work on immunological tolerance, conducted by Medawar, has been the lay downation of further studies regarding the paradox of pregnancy. Medawar proposed tether mechanisms that might together act to allow immune treasureion of the fetus. Two of Medawars earlier suggested mechanisms have since been proved to not actually pertain during pregnancy (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). The first hypothesis was that there was segregation of the fetal and maternal circulations, or that a barrier might form between the mother and fetus, preventing exposure of the maternal immune system to allogeneic antigens expressed on fetal tissue, leading to immunological ignorance (Koch Platt 2003). Medwars second hypothesis referred to the immunological immaturity of fetal tissue, and this allogenic immaturity acting to suppress the expression of antigens that the maternal immune system might recognise as foreign and target for destruction (Koch Platt 2003). More recent inquiry has tended to focus on Medwars third hypothesis, that the maternal immune system somehow ignores potentially immunogenic fetal tissue (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). Leading from this, there has in like manner been lots focus on the means of inducing immune tolerance, the emergence of T cell suppression in mediating peripheral tolerance, the mechanisms mediating matererno-fetal tolerance and the role played by regulatory T cells in mouse and human pregnancy (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2005).Koch and Platt (2003) suggest overlapping mechanisms such as the formation of an anatomical barrier between mother and fetus, lack of maternal immune responsiveness, and a lack of expression of allogenic molecules by the fetus to account for the lack of fetal rejection. These mechanisms can help in ascendent to understand how rejection is avoided, yet do not completely explain how the fetus evades the maternal immune system (Koch Platt 2003). Harding and Bocking (2001, p238) state that it was originally proposed that the maternal-fetal interface was perhaps an immunologically privilege site, or that there was a generalised suppression of maternal immune response.Recent studies have challenged earlier theories such as these, and it has since been found that not only is there actual recogni tion of fetal alloantigens by the mothers immune system, but that her body also responds to them. Fetal cells can be detected in maternal circulation, and fetal tissue expresses MHC class I and class II and is antigenically mature (Aluvihare, Kallikourdis Betz 2004). MHC are major histocompatibility complex proteins coded for by genes. Class I are found on virtually all body cells, whereas class II displayed only by cells that act in immune response (Marieb 1998). The understanding of the immune events and mechanisms occurring at the maternal-fetal interface are likely to help in the understanding of the ability of the fetus to survive within the maternal body.Since Medawars proposed hypotheses, much focus has continued on fetal immune evasion mechanisms. As well as the three mechanisms above, suggested by Medawar, Koch and Platt (2003) explore a fourth mechanism, site-specific suppression. This refers to local suppression of maternal immune responses at the maternal-fetal interfac e (Koch Platt 2003). Localised suppression at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy negates the need for systemic immunosuppression which could adventure the well-being of the mother (Koch Platt 2003). Earlier studies suggested that trophoblast acted simply as a barrier between the mother and fetus, but it now seems that perhaps that it could have diverse immunoregulatory properties tyrannical immune recognition, activation, and effector responsibilitys (Koch Platt 2003).It has been proposed by various studies that T cells play a major role in sustaining pregnancy. T cells are lymphocytes that mediate cellular immunity. T cells with regulatory functions are potent suppressors of T cell responses and can protect tissues from T cell mediated destruction (Mellor Munn 2004). Observations in experimental pregnant mice have shown that while pregnant, they tend to overproduce a kind of T cell that reins in other immune cells that might target the fetus (Seppa 2004). In one s tudy, conducted by immunologist Betz (Seppa 2004) it was found that pregnant mice have double to triple the number of CD4+ CD25+ T cells, also called regulatory T cells, in their blood, spleen, and lymph tissue as do female mice that are not pregnant. It has also been shown that in humans, levels of circulating CD4+ and CD25+ cells increases progressively at each stage in human pregnancy beginning from the first trimester (Mellor Munn 2004).It has been demonstrated that Tregs (T regulator cells) have a key role in regulating maternal effector T cell responses to fetal alloantigens as maternal effector T cells seem to pose a potentially deadly threat to the developing fetus in the absence of regulatory function mediated by maternal Tregs (Mellor Munn 2004). It has also been speculated that hormonal changes during pregnancy might provide one explanation for enhanced maternal Treg development during fetal gestation because pregnancy-associated hormones, such as progesterones, promot e immunosuppression (Mellor Munn 2004). In regard to the suppression of maternal immunity, it is still unclear if Tregs directly or indirectly inhibit effector T cell responses to fetal alloantigens (Mellor Munn 2004).To further test the cells effect on pregnancy, 30 female mice were mated with males. 15 out of the 30 mice had fully functioning immune systems, whilst the other 15 mice lacked the regulatory T cells. While a slightly higher than normal number of healthy female mice became pregnant, none of the mice lacking T cells were able to become pregnant. It seems that the role of T cells remains unclear, but that further understanding of the role of regulatory T cells might also lead to bare-assed treatments for suppressing rejection of transplanted organs and inhibiting autoimmune reactions, in which a persons immune cells attack his or her own tissues (Seppa 2004). Mellor and Munn (2004) also suggest that the revelation that maternal Tregs might help protect the developing fetus testament have various implications, not only the possibility of offering alternative therapies to suppress immunity, but also possibilities for improving pregnancy success rates in patients with problematic pregnancies. Again, the effect of T cells on autoimmune diseases is referred to by Mellor and Munn (2004), increased systemic Treg function might explain why some autoimmune syndromes, such as rheumatoid arthritis, go into remission during pregnancy.There has also been some discussion on the role of macrophages as immunoregulators of pregnancy. It has been claimed that most attention has focused on immune tolerance to the invading trophoblast and fetus, but Mor and Abrahams (2003) suggest that it is also important to consider the function of the maternal immune system in the promotion of implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. During implantation, apoptosis is necessary for tissue remodelling of the maternal decidua and invasion of the developing embryo (Mor Abrahams 2003). It has been sited that apoptosis is active voice in the trophoblast layer of placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies throughout gestation, suggesting that there is a constant cell turnover at the site of implantation necessary for the appropriate growth and function of the placenta (Mor Abrahams 2003). During implantation and invasion, it appears that a large number of macrophages are present in the maternal decidua and in tissues close in proximity to the placenta.Originally it was intellection the large numbers of macrophages were to represent an immune response against the invading trophoblast. Mor and Abrahams (2003) propose that this may not be the case, and that macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cells prevents the release of potentially pro-inflammatory and pro-immunogenic intracellular contents. Trophoblast cells carry proteins that are antigenically foreign to the maternal immune system. If these proteins are released as a result of cell death, it could initiate or accelerate immunological responses, with lethal consequences for the fetus (Mor Abrahams 2003). Therefore, the appropriate removal of the intracellular components by macrophages may be critical for the prevention of fetal rejection. Mor and Abrahams (2003) conclude that the field of apoptotic cell clearance is beginning to flourish, and many questions remain unanswered.There is not just one mechanism involved in the immune regulation of pregnancy, but multiple, diverse mechanisms that are likely sequential during gestation (Koch Platt 2003). As humans have a much longer gestation period, and a more invasive placental anatomy, it is sometimes difficult to test in laboratory animals and apply results to humans, as there may be different mechanisms. But it is believed that mechanisms involved with the fetus can be utilised in the studies of rejection following transplantation. As Koch and Platt (2003) suggest, knowledge of the immunoregulatory mechanisms of both the fetus and stem cells will help immunologists understand general mechanisms of tolerance and immune evasion, and will prove invaluable in the fields of organ and cellular transplantation. It has been suggested that both studies in stem cells and fetal rejection can benefit each other and help in understanding of systems involved.Pregnancy has also been said to have overall effects on the mothers immune system and maternal defence against organisms. According to Creasy and Resnik (2004, p103) numerous reports indicate that pregnant women have increased susceptibility to a variety of infections. It is said that there appears to be a turn out toward increased susceptibility to viral infections, consistent with suppressed cell-mediated immunity and a relative decrease in Th1 (humoral/innate) responses during pregnancy (Creasy Resnik 2004, p103). However, it also added that more recent cautiously analysed data do not indicate that maternal immunity is substantially impaired, and most pregnant women a re able to adequately respond to most infective diseases (Creasy Resnik 2004, p103). Harding and Bocking (2001, p238) also claim that most studies tend to suggest that maternal cell-mediated immunity is unchanged during pregnancy.According to some experts, infertility, recurrent miscarriage, premature delivery and pre-eclampsia may all be linked to immunological abnormalities. It could be that some of these problems are due to defective generation of Tregs during pregnancy (Mellor Munn 2004). It is possible that methods involving in vitro refinement of Tregs could help in treating spontaneous immune disease syndromes. Koch and Platt (2003) also suggest that both adult and embryonic stem cells might use mechanisms similar to the fetus in avoiding rejection. Future discoveries in the field of reproductive immunology will help us understand not only immune regulation during pregnancy, but also how immune responses towards organ and cellular transplants might be controlled (Koch Pla tt 2003).ReferencesAluvihare, V., Kallikourdis, M., and Betz, A. 2004 Tolerance, suppression and the fetal allograft. Journal of Molecular Medicine. Online, vol. 83, no. 2, pp 88-96. Available from Medline. 11 October 2005.Creasy R. Resnik R. (ed.) 2004. Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 5th edn., Saunders, Philadelphia.Harding, R., Bocking, A., (ed.) 2001. Fetal issue and Development, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Koch, C. Platt, J. 2003 Natural Mechanisms for evading graft rejection the fetus as an allograft, Springer Seminars in Immunopathology, Online, vol. 25, no. 2, pp 95-117. Available from SpringerLink. 7 October 2005.Loke, Y., 1978. Immunology and Immunopathology of the Human Fetal-Maternal Interaction, Elsevier Horth-Holland Biomedical Press, New York.Marieb. E., 1998. Human Anatomy and Physiology, quaternate edn., Addison Wesley Longman, California.Mellor, A. Munn, D. 2004 Policing pregnancy Tregs help keep the peace, Trends in Immunology. Online, vol. 25, no.11, pp 563-565. Available from Medline. 10 October 2005.Mor, G. Abrahams, V. 2003 Potential role of macrophages as immunoregulators of pregnancy, Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. Online, vol. 119, no.1. Available from Medline. 11 October 2005.Quinn, T. (1999), Immunology in Pregnancy The Fetal Allograft, Online, SIU Medical Library. Available from http//www.siumed.edu/lib/ref/ppt/immunpreg/ 20 September 2005.Seppa, N. 2004 Some T cells may be a fetus best friend, Science News, Online, vol. 165, no. 8, p125. Available from Proquest. 11 October 2005.Warshaw, J. (ed.) 1983, The Biological Basis of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York.

Cropping Pattern And Cropping Schedule Environmental Sciences Essay

Cropping Pattern And Cropping document Environmental Sciences EssayChapter 1Introduction accentuateAgriculture is a crucial role in the c areers of nations all over the world. As the focal point of the agricultural sector is to raise the crop fork out and to fulfill the food security for continuing population increase, irrigation becomes vital support to provide amplificational peeing. Nowadays, precipitation cannot be reliable in many part of the world and temperature increases continuously due to the clime change. Moreover, in that location are changes in air temperature and increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, geographical changes might excessively confine severe effect on the local urine system resources. As a result, pissing resources become scare and it threats a serious challenge to irrigation water supply, agriculture water choose, food security, and surroundingsal protection. Irrigation water resources and agricultural water demand are stron gly vulnerable. As climate change affects hydrological cycles locally and globally, its potential difference changes will have a significant seismic disturbance on agriculture and water resources. at that place is an increasing stress of the impact of climate change on water resources and probable implications for water resource management. The consequences of climate change may alter the reliability, the amount and timing of river flow, challenge the coping capacities of existing water-related infrastructures and bring high risks of water shortages and floods.Myanmar (formerly called as Burma)which locates in South East Asia lying between 10 and 29 N latitude and between 92 and101 longitudes, also suffers from climate change impacts on water cycle due to the sudden change of weather pattern. Flood and long drought occurs consequently and thus sustainability of water environment in some domains is facing difficulties. Moreover, rainfall pattern and intensity have been evidently changing in some regions of the country according to topographical condition. There are three climate conditions in Myanmar specified as pass, rainy and winter seasons. Two third area of the country enjoys in the tropics and the rest one third falls within temperate climate conditions. norm annual rainfall in coastal regions is over 5000 mm and in the modify Zone which locates in Central Myanmar is less than 750mm. The average temperature is 21C in northern regions which are the coolest areas and 32C in coastal area. Temperature sometimes reaches to 40C during the hot seasons and over in central modify zona areas which are the hottest regions in Myanmar.Water resources in Myanmar are absolutely profuse and can be used to fulfill the agricultural water demand and other sectors. Agriculture is a main economic sector in Myanmar and rice-based irrigation systems, have been implemented to improve agricultural production. Paddy fields are mostly found in the delta region which inc ludes Ayeyarwady, Bago and Yangon region of Lower Myanmar and central dry zone areas which includes Mandalay, Sagaing and Magway regions (Figure 1). Irrigation Projects have been implementing a lot in Myanmar to stabilize traditional rainfed rice and to introduce double-rice to promote the rice production. According to the hydrological conditions it is divided into two seasons, wet and dry. Paddies are traditionally cultivated by monsoon rain during the wet season. Summer paddies have liberal as a second rice crop throughout the dry season according to the water availability in the regions where irrigation projects have been initiated.The delta region in lower Myanmar is the major(ip) rice production area. As water resources are affected adversely by global climate change, it makes seriously vulnerable to crop water fate. Ngamoeyeik Irrigation Project Area which is just outside of Yangon City in Lower Myanmar, paddy cultivation during rainy season has traditionally been conducted nether rainfed conditions and summer paddies with irrigation were added since 1995 afterward the project has been established. Both paddies are cultivated completely in the rainy and summer periods, respectively. Summer paddies are cultivated only by irrigation. As there is no rain within the dry season, and the reservoir influx is very limited. Therefore, the summer paddies are constrained by the limited water-storage in the reservoir during the dry season. Considering the wide range of the adverse effect in this area, there is needed to evaluate and access next irrigation water requirement in a changing climate for promoting crop production.D1st proposalfor introduction6_page10_image1.gifFigure Regions in MyanmarRice, wheat, and maize are predominate three grain-crops for food, and these are the products of agriculture sector, coming from rain fed and irrigated fields.Statement of the problemAccording to the Asian Development shore (2009), Myanmar is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change associated with global warming. Summer paddies are cultivated only by irrigation in lower Myanmar. In dry season, the reservoir inflow is very limited and consequently the water availability of summer paddies is very limited. Severe climate change effects could affect the irrigation water requirement as well as the production of rice and other crops on which the population depends. Decreasing rainfall and increasing temperature pose an insufficient demand for crop and cause delay in agricultural cycles. As a result, it will disturb crop growth in the subsequent months. During the growing season, unnatural weather will damage the crops and in the harvesting period, adverse climate can damage the ripening crop. This watch will compare and evaluate the impact climate change and estimate and manage the crop water requirement to cope with the future scare water resources.aaaaaaObjectivesThe specific objectives of this study are as followsto analyze the futu re climate change impact for projection period of 2015 to 2030 using statistical downscaling analysis method (SDSM 4.2),to find out the future irrigation water requirements for rice production with climate change impact using AquaCrop,to make adaptations in order to enhance and manage the irrigation water demand to cope with the future scare water resources.Chapter 2Literature ReviewChapter 3MethodologyConceptual framework for evaluating future crop water requirementPurpose and system of evaluation of future irrigation water requirementObjectives of future irrigation water requirement evaluationRice is the main food in Myanmar and it is also a major crop of the agriculture sector. The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) has imposed summer paddy cultivation with irrigation in 1992-1993 to promote the rice production. Irrigation water requirement will change chthonic changing climate with the effects of decreasing rainfall patterns and increasing temperature. Moreover as c limate change directly impacts on rice production, there has to be evaluated and adopted the future agricultural water requirements under the combined effects of growing population demands and competition from other economic sectors under future socioeconomic development.Smajstrla and Zazueta (1995) state that the irrigation water requirement (IWR) for crop production is the amount of water that must be applied to fulfill a crops evapotranspiration needs in addition to rainfall without significant yield reduction . It has to be needed that irrigation water applied to paddies cultivation must be fixed the different water requirement with the different growing stages. Therefore, future irrigation water requirement with climate change impact must be assessed to conduct proper management for rice cultivation.The main objective of evaluation of future irrigation water requirement is to promote the rice production with proper management to meet the crop water requirement under changing cl imate. To achieve this aim the evaluation embraces all required data concerning the impacts of climate change combining the growing population and environmental impacts.Description of the study areaLocationNgamoeyeik Irrigatin Project is one of the large irrigation projects in Lower Myanmar. It has been developed by the Department of Irrigation under the counsel of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. The project was completed in March, 1995. The project is situated in Hlegu Township, which is about 20-50 km northeast of Yangon City (Fig.3.1). The target area of the irrigated cultivation is 28,330 ha. There is also a proposal to supply water to Yangon City for domestic use with the amount of 0.41 MCM per day.. The area is bounded by creeks and rivers providing natural drainage, such as the Balar Creek, Khayein Creek and Bago River (Fig.3.2). The project area is mostly within Hlegu Township.Location about 20-50 km northeast of Yangon City(in Hlegu Township)Name of river Nga moeyeik CreekCatchment area 28330 haAverage annual rainfall 2540 millimetersAverage annual inflow Dam type earthen damDam length 1.86 kilometersDam height 22.9 metersFull storage volume 222 million box-shaped meterDead storage volume 15 million cubic meterType of spillway Width of spillway Designed spillway ignition Full supply level CUsersUserAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word1 Water Resources Evaluation for Paddy Irrigation_037.pngClimateClimate of the study area is warm and tropical and enjoys the southwestern United States monsoon. The rainfall is rich enough for rice cultivation. Even in drought years, the region receives a stable with average annual rainfall of 2,540 mm. This region has a rainy season and dry season in a year. Rivers, rivulets and natural drainages are flooding every year during the rainy season due to the monsoon hefty rain. However, their flow discharges are very limited and there is almost no rain within the dry seas on. Daily average temperature is above 25 C throughout a year. Thus, the region has a favorable weather environment for rice cultivation for a round-year, even in the dry season if water is available.Soil TypeThe rice soils of Lower Burma are gley soils or degraded soils or are intermediate between these two types (Karmanov, I. I). These soils are widely distributed in Lower Burma. (http//www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19601902538.html) The rice yields will be highest on heavy loamy soil and light clayey gley soils and lowest on degraded soils.Cropping Pattern and Cropping ScheduleRice, wheat, and maize are three major crops for food, and these are the main products of agriculture sector, under rainfed and irrigated fields.Table Cropping pattern in Hlegu Township, 1999-2000Cultivation AreaRice is grown in this region twice a year, rainny paddies are totally cultivated under rainfed condition from June to November and the summer paddies with irrgation are from December to May. The summ er paddies were started in 1995 after completion of the project. Rainfed rice are cultivated annually in the basin about 35,000 ha . During the last 6 years, from 1996-97 to 2001-02, an average area of 14,000 ha has been irrigated for summer paddies within the project area. The total area of irrigated summer paddies was up to about 18,500 ha, 65% of the project service area, in the year 2000.

Reliance Steel Aluminum Co

assent blade aluminum CoReliance stigma Aluminum Co. is adept of the largest metals do center companies in the United States. Through a network of much than 180 locations in 37 states, Belgium, Canada, china, confederation Korea and the United Kingdom, the Company appends note value-added metals touch on emoluments and distri hike upes a full line of more than light speed,000 metal harvest-homes. These products include galvanized, hot-rolled and cold-finished steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass, copper, titanium and misdirect steel sold to more than 125,000 customers in a broad range of industries. Some of these metals assistant centers provide processing service for specialism metals only. The Companys primary election business organisation strategy is to enhance its operating gists through strategical sciences and expansion of its existing operations. This strategy is driven in part by the continued appendage and desegregation of the metals service cen ter industry. The Company seeks businesses that are strategically positioned to diversify or enhance its customer base, product breadth and geographical coverage. The Company has successfully completed over 40 acquisitions since its 1994 IPO. Reliance is also expanding its facilities and product offerings in several of its existing geographic locations while penetrating unseasoned markets for its products. incorporate HistoryReliance was founded in 1939 in Los Angeles, California and began as a fabricator of steel reinforcing bar. In subsequent years, the Company developed into a full-line distributor of steel and aluminum operating through a single metals service center located in Los Angeles. Through the 1960s, the Company expanded its operations via several acquisitions and the establishment of additional service centers.In the mid-1970s, the Company began to establish specialty metals centers stocked with inventories of selected metals such as aluminum, stainless steel, brass and copper, and equipped with automated materials handling and precision cutting equipment.Beginning in the early 1990s, owners of successful service center companies started to sell these companies as they were reaching retirement age. Reliance saw this as an opportunity to expand nationally in a more paying manner than by expanding with Greenfield operations. This led Reliance to complete an IPO in 1994 to raise the funds to al emit for that growth. Reliance has grown significantly through such acquisitions. The Company has completed more than 40 acquisitions since Reliances initial public offering in 1994 and will continue to be an aggressive acquirer of companies. Vision relegatingReliance serves mission is to provide its customers primarily by providing quick delivery, metals processing and inventory management services. The Company purchases large quantities of metals from primary producers and sells these inventories in smaller quantities. The Companys primary business st rategy is to enhance its operating results through strategic acquisitions and expansion of its existing operations. This strategy is driven in part by the continued growth and consolidation of the metals service center industry. The Company seeks businesses that are strategically positioned to diversify or enhance its customer base, product breadth and geographic coverage. Forbes Rankings Reliance stain Aluminum Co. 237th on the Forbes Executive Pay in 2008 Reliance poise Forbes 400 Best Big Companies in 2008 Reliance Steel 13rd on the The 100 Best Mid-Caps in America in 2008 Reliance Steel 1,463rd on the Forbes Global 2000 in 2008 Reliance Steel 1,555th on the Forbes Global 2000 in 2007 dodging To become globally competitive Reduce costs improve operational efficiency. Create economies of scale. Leverage existing assets for future growthConcentrate on value added differentiated products especially cold rolled segment. Optimize financial structure through debt restruct uring including reduction. Diversify market mix through exports to countries like China, Hong Kong and Eastern Europe.Corporate Office350, South Grand Avenue, Suite 5100,Los Angeles, California 90071 Phone (213)687-7700Fax (213)687-8792Areas of WorkingThe Company provides value-added metals processing services and distributes a full line of more than 100,000 metal products. These products include galvanized, hot-rolled and cold-finished steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass, copper, titanium and alloy steel sold to more than 125,000 customers in a broad range of industries. Some of these metals service centers provide processing services for specialty metals only. Major products are Carbon steel plate,Carbon steel bar,Carbon steel tubing, Carbon steel structural, Galvanized steel public opinion poll coil,Hot rolled steel airplane coil, Cold rolled steel sheet coil,Aluminum bar tube, Heat treated aluminum plate,Common alloy aluminum sheet coil,Common alloy aluminum plate, H eat treated aluminum sheet coil,Stainless steel bar tube, Stainless steel sheet coil, Stainless steel plate, Electro polished stainless steel tubing fittings, Alloy bar, rod tube,Alloy, plate sheet coil, Miscellaneous, including brass, copper titanium Toll processing of aluminum, nose candy and stainless steel Executive Management56 Years OldDavid H. Hannah, Chairman of the Board and drumhead Executive OfficerEffective October 17, 2007, David H. Hannah, currently Chief Executive Officer was elected to the additional role of Chairman of the Board. Mr. Hannah, 56, became Chief Executive Officer of Reliance in January 1999. He served as president from November 1995 to January 2002. previous to that, he was appointed a Director in 1992 and had served as an Executive vice President and as Chief Financial Officer since he joined Reliance in May 1981.David H. Hannah, Chief Executive Officer, relinquished the title of President in January 2002. He became Chief Executive Officer of the Company in January 1999, in addition to being named President of the Company in November 1995. Prior to that, he was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from 1992 to 1995, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from 1990 to 1992 and Vice President and Division Manager of the Los Angeles Reliance Steel Company division of the Company from July 1, 1989 to June 30, 1990. From January 1, 1987 to July 1, 1989, Mr. Hannah was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, and from 1981 to 1987, was Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Hannah became a director of the Company in 1992. For eight years before joining the Company in 1981, Mr. Hannah, a certified public accountant, was employed by Ernst Whinney in various professional staff positions.Directors Gregg J. Mollins, President Chief Operating Officer Thomas W. Gimbel Douglas M. hay Franklin R. Johnson, Former partner Mark V. Kaminski, Former Chief Executive Officer Andrew G. Sharkey, President and F ormer Chief Executive Officer Richard J. Slater, Chairman Leslie A. Waite, Managing Director intrusion of Reliance Steel Aluminum Co. on Indian Industry With the governments sharpen on the infrastructure and electrical sector along with Indias growing importance as a global manufacturing hub for automobiles, infrastructure steel aluminum home(prenominal) consumption is expected to grow by 9-10% in 2009-2010. With 10% of the worlds total Steel Aluminum resources India is self sufficient in steel aluminum, combined with low power costs it has a competitive export market. So, till today Reliance Steel Aluminum Co. have not much scope in Indian market because of robust growth in the Asian region, led by China has continued to drive the take up for steel aluminum from Indian market. Demand from East Europe, South Asia and Africa has also contributed to a significant growth in direct of 7%.Growth in power, construction, automotive and telecommunication sectors is expected to inc rease demand for steel aluminum by 4-5% over the next couple of years. With low demand and high power costs in South America and Europe, copper miners are looking at India. The proximity to a high demand region and the low smelting costs has made India and other South East Asian counties increasingly attractive locations. With its primary use in the galvanizing of steel, the study users of zinc are the automobile and construction industries. India is presently a minor exporter of Steel Aluminum, but with the expansion of new production capacity India is well on its way in becoming self sufficient and will take a much larger role in international markets.Indias have electromotive force in the global base Steel Aluminum market and also its growing appeal to international investors. Often compared to the dynamic growth rates in China, India has promised but failed to deliver the same. This conference will critically examine if Indias recent developments will finally allow that pro mise to be successfully met.So, it is cleared from the supra mentioned facts that till today, India is self sufficient in steel Aluminum, combined with low power costs it has a competitive export market Reliance Steel Aluminum Co. have not much scope in Indian market because of robust growth in Indian Steel Aluminum market, but it have opportunities in future because of continuity in demand for steel aluminum, because of robust growth in power, construction, automotive and telecommunication sectors in India.SWOT abstractSWOT Analysis, is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the clinical of the business venture or project and make outing the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective.The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving th e objective. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categoriesInternal factors The strengths and flunkes internal to the organization away factors The opportunities and threats presented by the external environmentThe internal factors whitethorn be viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organizations objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses for another objective. SWOT Analysis of Reliance Steel Aluminum Co.Strengths to Build Upon Largest Integrated Aluminum Stainless Steel player in US Cost Efficiencies arising out of Captive power generation. In house manufacture of HCFC. Economies of scale due to melting capacity. Capacity of 250,000 tones. v Restructuring would enable focus on core strengths / core fightncies.v The Company has a very diligent and disciplined acquisition strategy (growth segment)v Has cold rolling capacities which result in Value added products. Produc tion of international grade Stainless Steel facilitating exports Has diversified into many different areas of the Steel Aluminum industry and has many intemperate brands under its main umbrella group. Specialized equipment used to process the metals requires high-volume production to be cost effective. Reliance expects to continue to be at the mind of consolidation in the large and still fragmented Steel Aluminum service center industry, even during poor economic periods when local or regional metals service centers may lack the access to capital required to compete effectively.Weaknesses to Overcome Inappropriate handling of the environmental interest groups is a very big weakness of the organization and can be detrimental to it in the future. High Gearing Capital blocked in group company investments.Opportunities to Exploit Opportunity In the developing Indian market, which is one of the largest consumer of Steel Aluminum. Operations and could greatly enhance its suite. Val ue added products. Present import duty structure allows protection. Growth opportunities in domestic as well as world market. Leaves scope for volume growth. Export substitution for wide width thin gauge. Cold Roll Stainless Steel (CRSS).Threats to Overcome Entry by global players and dumping by Asian countries. Operations sensitive to global prices of Nickel and stainless steel. Change in govt. insurance on duty protection for. CRSS will have adverse impact on pricing.Reasons for Growth of Reliance Steel Aluminum Co. Diverse, talented and dedicated work force High degree of stock integration Low-cost producer in many operations Leadership positions in process and product technology cheek structure geared to effective global management Mix of businesses capable of delivering superior financial performance over the business cycle Balanced geographic spread with major investments underway in growth regions.Favorable effect for Reliance Steel Aluminum Co. The organization has a global presence and olibanum has access to a wider customer base and a larger market than other Steel Aluminum companies. Reliance expects to continue to be at the forefront of consolidation in the large and still fragmented metals service center industry, even during poor economic periods when local or regional metals service centers may lack the access to capital required to compete effectively. Network of more than 180 locations in 37 states, Belgium, Canada, China, South Korea and the United Kingdom, the Company provides value-added metals processing services and distributes a full line of more than 100,000 metal products. Reliance is also expanding its facilities and product offerings in several of its existing geographic locations while penetrating new markets for its products.Harm full effect for Reliance Steel Aluminum Co. Investors hammered Steel and Aluminum stocks on renewed fears a global recession would further slash demand for commodities. India is self sufficie nt in aluminum combined with low power costs it has a competitive export market.ConclusionReliance Steel Aluminum Co. is one of the largest metals service center companies in the United States. Through a network of more than 180 locations in 37 states and Belgium, Canada, China, South Korea and the United Kingdom, the Company provides value-added metals processing services and distributes a full line of over 100,000 metal products. The Company has a very diligent and disciplined acquisition strategy seeking immediately accretive acquisitions with a minimum return on investment, but if Reliance Steel Aluminum Co. wants to operate in India, it has to compete with local robust players, which are not only fulfilling local Steel Aluminum needs but also have potential to set them in Global Steel Aluminum market with their techniques cost efficiencies.Bibliographywww.rsac.comwww.magnesium.comwww.google.com/financewww.world-aluminium-market.comReliance Steel Aluminum

Charles Marius Barbeau’s Ethnography and the Canadian Folklore Essay

Charles Marius Barbeaus Ethnography and the Canadian FolkloreBorn on 5 March 1883, in Sainte-Marie-de-Bauce, Charles Marius Barbeau is widely seen as the commencement exercise Canadian educated anthropologist. He graduated from Universit Laval in Qubec, from his studies of law, in 1907 he never practised law. Upon graduating, Marius was awarded as the first French-Canadian recipient the Cecil Rhodes scholarship which allowed him to study at Oxford University where he was introduced to the emerging field of Anthropology. Je voulais savoir comment lhomme a t cr he later explained to Marcel Rioux. (Benot 1959a) During his stay in Europe, Marius in addition attended classes at the Sorbonnes cole des Hautes tudes and at the cole danthropologie in Paris. In June 1910, he received a Bachelor of comprehension degree, from Oxford, for his thesis on The Totemic System of the Northwestern Indian Tribes of North America. Back in Canada, he took the position of Assistant Ethnologist for Ed ward Sapir at the Anthropological sectionalisation of the Geological Survey of Canada at the Victoria Memorial Museum in Ottawa (one of the ancestors of todays since 1986 Canadian Museum of Civilization). Then Marius began his life long career of accumulate ethnographic and folkloric data on the cultures of aboriginal North-Americans and French creoles of Canada Theoretical Bases Pour Barbeau, les manifestations du folklore sont un peu comme des petits fruits sauvages. Le folkloriste est un cueilleur. Si lon ne cueille pas les fruits sauvages, eh bien ils se perdront stream toujours. Un jour, la fort aura envahi le terrain et tout effac. Le modeste champ ne sera plus l. Il sera oubli. (Gauthier 2001 38) Marius Barbeaus theoretical ... ...stion and the politics of recognition. heathenish & Racial Studies. April 1995, 18(2) 277314. Accessed November 2004 on EBSCO http//0-web29.epnet.com.mercury.concordia.ca/. Accession number 9506073480 Database Academic Search Premier SMITH, Derek G. 2001. The Barbeau archives at the Canadian Museum of Civilization some current research problems Anthropologica 43(2) 191. Accessed November 2004 on ProQuest http//proquest.umi.com/. ProQuest document ID 357968991 SUZUKI, David 2001. A Personal Foreword The Value of Native Ecologies in Peter KNUDTSON and David SUZUKI. Wisdom Of The Elders. Toronto Stoddart Publishing, 2001 1992 XXIXXXV TURGEON, Laurier Denys DELGE and Ral OUELLET 1995. Marius Barbeau et lethnologie des Amrindiens Canadian Folklore Canadien 17(1). Accessed November 2004 http//www.fl.ulaval.ca/celat/acef/171f.htm

Pollution on the Family Farm Threatens the Environment :: Water Polluting Essays Papers

Pollution on the Family Farm When you think of contaminant you think of industrial pollution arcning down a river, or smoke coming out of a factorys smokestack revolt up into the environment. These are all concerns in the world today however, in this paper will talk about pollution that hits a little nigher to home. This paper will discuss about pollution on family run farms in rural America. These pollutions range from tete-a-tete well water contamination to fecal pollution run-off into streams by dairy and beef farms. One of the major concerns in todays Agricultural system is the use of water, and the short supply of water. A more immediate problem is nitrate contamination in one thousand thousands of private well around the country. As one can imagine most of these come up are found on private farms around the United States. nationally 1.4 million households drink water from private wells with nitrate levels that exceed the national drinking water stand ard of 10 parts per million (ppm)( Ready, R., & Henken, K.). in that respect is an estimated damage to a household from drinking water from a nitrate begrime well to be $635 per year, with a total damage of almost $900 million per year to private well owners (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). Over 25% of the water used by households in the United States comes from groundwater.One of the major sources of nitrates in groundwater is caused by plain activities, including chemicals applied to crops and consume from livestock production (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). The main problem with livestock waste and chemicals is their tendency to diffuse in water, which means they cannot be easily contained or pinpointed to the source. According to a study by the Great Plains Agricultural Council, agricultural filth is the largest contributor of non-point source pollution to natural water resources in the lofty Plains region and throughout the United States. In this survey they found that Nitrate- N was the most unremarkably detected agricultural chemical in surface and groundwater (Elrashidi, M., Mays, M., Peaslee, S., & Hooper, D.) Another musical theme that ties into pollution and threatens water resources is agricultural subsidies provided by the government. A report from the Organization for frugal Cooperation and Development says that Agricultural subsidies threaten land and water resources and create cardboard incentives to expand farm production (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).Pollution on the Family Farm Threatens the Environment Water Polluting Essays PapersPollution on the Family Farm When you think of pollution you think of industrial pollution running down a river, or smoke coming out of a factorys smokestack rising up into the environment. These are all concerns in the world today however, in this paper will talk about pollution that hits a little closer to home. This paper will discuss about pollution on family run farms in rural America. These pollutions range from private well water contamination to fecal pollution run-off into streams by dairy and beef farms. One of the major concerns in todays Agricultural system is the use of water, and the short supply of water. A more immediate problem is nitrate contamination in millions of private well around the country. As one can imagine most of these wells are found on private farms around the United States. Nationally 1.4 million households drink water from private wells with nitrate levels that exceed the federal drinking water standard of 10 parts per million (ppm)( Ready, R., & Henken, K.). There is an estimated damage to a household from drinking water from a nitrate contaminated well to be $635 per year, with a total damage of almost $900 million per year to private well owners (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). Over 25% of the water used by households in the United States comes from groundwater.One of the major sources of nitrates in g roundwater is caused by agricultural activities, including chemicals applied to crops and waste from livestock production (Ready, R., & Henken, K.). The main problem with livestock waste and chemicals is their tendency to diffuse in water, which means they cannot be easily contained or pinpointed to the source. According to a study by the Great Plains Agricultural Council, agricultural land is the largest contributor of non-point source pollution to natural water resources in the High Plains region and throughout the United States. In this survey they found that Nitrate-N was the most commonly detected agricultural chemical in surface and groundwater (Elrashidi, M., Mays, M., Peaslee, S., & Hooper, D.) Another topic that ties into pollution and threatens water resources is agricultural subsidies provided by the government. A report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development says that Agricultural subsidies threaten land and water resources and create art ificial incentives to expand farm production (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).